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ch 1 (SG) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anthropology

A

scientific study of the origin, development, and varieties of human beings and their societies.

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2
Q

four subdisciplines of anthropology

A

-archaeology
-cultural anthropology
-biological anthropology
-linguistic anthropology

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3
Q

archaeology

A

focus on material culture (tools, seeds, shelter
-through excavation

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4
Q

cultural anthropology

A

-living societies, cultural relativism

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5
Q

linguistic relativity

A

language in context, history of languages

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6
Q

biological anthropology

A

what is means to be biologically human
human diversity and adaption
-primates and nonhuman primates
evolution

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7
Q

applied anthropology

A

Practical application of anthropology theories, methods, & findings to solve real-world problems

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8
Q

six subdicliplines of biological anthropology

A

primatology: anatomy, behavior, ecology, genetics of living and extinct non-human primates
paleoanthropology: fossils, anatomical and behavioral evolution
bioarcheology: human remains from archaeological context
molecular anthropology: molecular techniques to compare populations
forensic anthropology: apply anthropology and osteology to legal and criminal investigations
human biology: how the body is impacted by environment , nutrition, and culture.

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9
Q

primate

A

mamallian order that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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10
Q

Why is primatology so important to the study of biological anthropology

A

Because nonhuman primates are our closest living relatives, identifying the factors related to social behavior, communication, infant care and reproductive behavior helps us develop a better understanding of the natural forces that shaped modern human behavior

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11
Q

hominin, defining feature of a hominin

A

mordern humans and now extinct BIPEDAL relatives

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12
Q

culture

A

learned behavioral aspects of human adaption, or the strategy by which humans adapt

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13
Q

microevolution

A

small genetic changes that occur within a species

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14
Q

macroevolution

A

changed that occur after many generations (speciation)

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15
Q

ADAPTION

A

the response of organisms or populations to the environment as a result of natural selection

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16
Q

biocultural evolution

A

as culture develops, biology evolves

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17
Q

paleontology

A

study of the primate fossil record

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18
Q

human biological variation

A

how the body is impacted by environemnt nutrition, and culture

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19
Q

molecular anthropology

A

molecular techniques to compare populations

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20
Q

primatology

A

anatomy, behavior, ecology, genetics of living and nonhuman primates

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21
Q

qualitative vs quanitative

A

qual: categorical data
quan: numerical data

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22
Q

why is anthropology considered a science

A

it uses the scientific method to study behavior, and various aspects of. human life

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23
Q

anthropological perspective

A

understanding the diversity of the human experience with the contxet of biological and behavioral continuity with other species. Avoiding ethnocentric views

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24
Q

How did aristotles work influence the western cultural view of evolution prior to darwin

A

he beleived in fixity of species: life forms did not change.
He organized things into groups based on shared features
-he cerated a hierarchy of life with humans at the top, these views were incoorportaed into teh hcurch

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25
ehat is the great chain of bieng
an organized chain of life forms as well as higher life forms
26
Lamarks theory of aquired characteristics
organisms acquire change throughout their lifetime and pass them ti theur progeny through use and diuse the environment influences what the organism's aquire/ lose
27
george cuvier
founder of paleontology -recognized that fossils did not match current life forms
28
Theory of catastrophism and who came up with it
-the belief that earths geological features are the result of sudden, worldwide cataclysmic events -George Cuvier
29
uniformitarianism
the idea that the er=arths surfaces result from slow continuous actions that are still in effect today and at the same rate -merged with darwins idea that se=peciaition slowly occurs over many years and is constantly occuring
30
how did darwins expediition on the HMS beagle influence theory
he obsereved various species and helped determine differences and similiaritues wuthin these species
31
Who is alfred russel
He recognized the importance of naturl selection and thought that life forms were descendants of previosu life forms
32
Darwin;s idea of "the sruggle for survival"
Natural selection, teh population is limited by available resources -favorable variations tend to be reserved -Thomas Malthus published a book that lef darwin to the idea of natural selection
33
population variation correlation with darwins theory
as populations vary over time, new species may arise
34
how is natural selection affected by environmental factors
-the environment can determine whether a trait is favorable or not
35
fitness
relative measure of survival that changes as the environment changes reproductive success due to adaptations
36
What did darwin not incoorporate into his theories
genetics
37
who is gregor mendel
father of modern genetics -did pea plant experiments to discover independent assortment and segregation
38
structure of DNA
sugar ohosphate backbone four nucleotides
39
what are the four nucleotides in DNA
adenine cytosine guanine thymine
40
histones
proteins that wrap around DNA to tightly coil it in oredr to fit into the nucleus
41
how many pair of chromosomes do humans have
23 pair (46 total)
42
autosome
all physical characteristics minus sex
43
sex chromosomea
code for reproductive genes
44
DNA replication
originally single-stranded chromosomes duplicate (creating two identical sister chromatids joined at centromere) DNA polymerase carries out replication -end with 2 DNA molecules each with original parent strand and newly synthesized daughter strand.
45
dna mutations
copying mistakes when replicating the DNA -many are corrected with proof-reading enzymes, but not all
46
meiosis vs mitosis
mitosis: somatic cell divison, 2 identical daughter cells, used for building new cells, mutations are porbably not passed along meiosis: production of gametes, 2 divisions resulting in 4 haploid daighter cells, mutations may be passed on
47
gene
functional portion
48
allele
different versions of a gene at the same location
49
central dogma
flow of genetic info DNA -> RNA -> protein
50
gene locus
location of a gene on a chromosome
51
three steps of protein synthesis and where does each step occur
1: transcription (nucelus, RNA polymerase) 2: mRNA processing (nucelus) 3: translation: ribosome
52
intron vs exon
intron: noncoding portion, not needed exon: coding portion of RNA
53
phenotype
physical expression of traits
54
genotype
combination of 2 alleles, genetic material
55
homozygous
BB or bb
56
Heterozygous
Bb
57
dominant
only one copy to express phenotype
58
recessive
two copies to express phenotype
59
pedigree
family history for a specific trait depicted into a graph
60
epigenetics
gene regulation without changing underlying sequence (DNA methylatoin and histone modification)
61
regulatory genes
influence activity of other genes -direct embryonic devlopment phsiologocal processes
62
modern synthesis
it was the blending of darwins evolutionary theories w Mendel's genetic theories. -it stressed the importance of populations as units of evolution -natural selection, polymorphisms, and chromosomes as carriers of genes
63
modern definition of evolution
change in allele frequency in population the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations of sucessive generations
64
population
group of individuals in the same soecies interacting in the ssme space
65
gene pool
combination of all genes in a specific population
66
frequency
amount of times a gene appears
67
evolution in terms of gene pools and allele frequencies
chnage in allelic frequency over time change in a populations gene pool more diverse gene pool= more ways it has to adpt
68
significance of mutation
mutations are the only source of new genetic info produce varition in germline, may be passed on
69
types of mutatiom
point mutations insertations and deletions -framshift mutations -transposable elements
70
how can chromosomal alterations also act as a source of variation in the genome
-crossover events -nondisjuction events -gene duplication -chromosomal translocations
71
main causes of evolutionary change
-natural selection -mutation -gene flow -genetic drift -nonrandom mating
72
adaptive evolution vs nonadaptive
adaptive: change with purpose, natural selection non-adaptive: change in allelic frequency that does not by itself lead to a population being more adapted
73
examples of non-adpative volution
gene flow genetic drift mutation inbreeding
74
what is gene flow
movement of alleles from one population to another
75
how is gene flow important in evolutionary change
-may increase genetic diversity by introducing new alleles from neighboring populations -levels of gene flow are high between humans, probbaly explaining why huamn speciation is rare
76
what is genetic drift
random vhange in gene frequency in a population over timeq
77
key requirement for genetic drift to occur
limited population size
78
how has genetic drift played a role in human evolution
-can result in a loss of allele or rare allele becoming more frequent
79
inbreeding
can cause recessive mutation to become more pparent/ frequent
80
natural selection effect on evolutionary vhange
individual sbest suited to their environment are more likely to survive, mate, and leave progeny
81
three types of natural selection
stabilizing selection disruptive selection directional selection
82
stabilizing selection
meeting in th emiddle
83
disruptive sleection
deviating toward both sides, steering away from middle
84
directional slection
moving towards one end/ direction
85
two types of genetic drift
founder effect bottleneck
86
founder effect
few individuals from population leave and start anew with different allelic frequency than the original population
87
bottleneck
sharp reduction in population due to environental event
88
sexual selection
selective pressure affecting reproductive success
89
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
mechanical formula that allows estimation of the number and distribution of dominant and recessive allles in a population
90
what can hardy weignerg tell us
non-random mating positive assortative mating negative assortative mating artificial selection
91
species
organisms whose individuals are biologically and behaviorally compatible and able to breed viable, fertile offspring
92
subspecies
regionally distinct subpopulations of a species
93
how does reproductive isolation lead to development of a new species?
slight genetic differences can arise within a species and ultimately lead to speciation
94
microeveolution
small changes in allelic frequency within breeding population effect singel species
95
macroevolution
changes that result in new species looks at similarities between species
96
allopatric speciation
population if geographically seperated by a physical barrier
97
sympatric speciation
speciation occurs without a physical barrier
98
adaptive radiation
subgroups of a single speces rapidly diversify to fill various ecologial niches
99
ecological niche
set of constraints and resources available in an enironment

anthro (3 decks)

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