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NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC > CH 1 The Cell in Health and Illness > Flashcards

CH 1 The Cell in Health and Illness Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Disease is initiated at what level?

A

The cellular level

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized intracellular structures that carry out specific tasks to sustain life

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3
Q

Cells functions:

A
  • internal processes vital for the body’s normal physiological function
  • sense and respond to external environment and freely exchange materials and energy with surroundings
  • ensure homeostasis
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4
Q

Plasma membrane is

A

cells barrier separating extracellular and intracellular environments and protection of organelles from injury. Made of phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and cholsterol.

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel-like colloidal internal fluid environment containing ions, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that suspends cellular organisms inside the cell

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material that ultimately regulates cellular activity

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8
Q

Disease arises most commonly from

A

dysfunction of one or more cellular organelles, proteins, or biochemical processes

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9
Q

Plasma membrane permeability

A

SEMIpermeable

  • extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, ions, and other molecules diffuse back and forth.
  • core lipid region remains impermeable to water but allows lipid soluble substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across
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10
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

some include ion channels for exchange with extracellular environment

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11
Q

Cellular edema

A

when excess fluid enters the cells internal environment and causes swelling.
Disrupts organelle function

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12
Q

Cellular dehydration

A

cellular fluid leaks out of the cell pores, causing shrinkage.
Disrupts organelle function

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates attached to plasma membrane proteins

surface markers also called antigens

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14
Q

Antigens

A

glycoproteins that identify cells as a part of the body’s own tissues. Ex: blood cells have A, B, O antigens.

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15
Q

Cellular ion concentration (Na+/K+)

A

Optimal cell function requites Sodium (Na+) concentration to be higher OUTSIDE the cell and potassium (K+) to be higher INSIDE the cell.

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16
Q

PLasma membrane solubility to Na+/K+

A

More soluble to K+ (potassium) ions

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17
Q

Active transport by Na+/K+

A

uses adenine triphosphate (ATP) to move pump sodium and potassium in opposite directions across plasma membrane.

For every three sodium out, two potassium are pumped in.

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18
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump responsibilities

A

Maintaining resting potential and cell fluid volume

-in animals responsible for 1/2 of cells energy expenditure

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19
Q

Na+/K+ can by pharmacologically altered

A

True. Ex: cardiac glycosides slow don pump and keep more calcium in heart muscle cells to strengthen muscle contraction

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cells energy producers (the powerhouse of the cell)

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21
Q

Mitochondria main function

A

to convert organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP

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22
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

the process, requiring oxygen, to produce energy in the form of ATP

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23
Q

Cell hypoxia

A

When no oxygen is available for the cells

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24
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Non-oxygen metabolism, also called glycolysis, when glucose is used to create energy.

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25
of ATP produced by aerobic metabolism
34 net yield
26
of ATP produced by anaerobic metabolism
Net energy yield of 2 ATP + pyruvic acid
27
Pyruvic acid converted into what does what
acetyl-coenzyme A triggering the Krebs or citric acid cycle
28
Krebs cycle
also known as the citric acid cycle, with oxygen, mitochondria produce 34 ATP
29
Pyruvic acid in cellular hypoxia
converted to lactic acid, noxious to cells causing muscle pain
30
Mitochondria are the only organelles that have their own DNA? T/F?
True
31
Exercise stimulates formation of increased numbers of mitochondria in muscle cells, because of this:
the muscle uses more oxygen and yields more energy
32
Geneticists use what to study maternal hereditary lineage?
Mitochondrial DNA
33
Free radicals
also called reactive oxygen species that mutate mitochondrial DNA
34
Lysosomes
small, membrane-enclosed organelles with an internal environment more acidic than the rest of the cell. Contain digestive enzymes
35
Lysosome digestive enzymes
lysozyme, proteases, and lipases that degrade ingested foreign substances and cellular debris
36
Autolysis
when a cell dies lysosomes release digestive enzymes to destroy cell part
37
Heterolysis
When lysosomes are used to digest foreign matter ingested by macrophages
38
Macrophages
major defensive defensive white blood cells, contain a large number of lysosomes
39
Macrophages action and reliance
engulf and ingest foreign substances invading the body and rely on lysosomal enzymes to digest the material
40
Lysosomal enzyme lacking causes
harmful accumulation of non-degraded substances like certain types of lipids
41
Proteasomes and peroxisomes
organelles with digestive enzymes similar to lysosomes
42
Proteasomes action
enzymatically degrade polypeptide chains and proteins
43
peroxisomes actions
break down long-chain fatty acids and free radicals
44
Adrenoleukodystrophy
disorder of dysfunctional peroxisomes in which long chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system causing deterioration eventually leading to dementia, paralysis, and death
45
Cachexia
wasting of body mass
46
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of tubules in the cell that act as the transport system. Two types: smooth and rough ER
47
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
location of lipid production, including corticosteroids, oils, and phospholipids
48
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
tubular network with attached ribosomes that synthesize proteins
49
Diseases that suggest endoplasmic reticulum stress related pathogenesis
- neurodegenerative diseases - cancer - obesity - athersclerosis
50
Ribosomes
small, spherical organelles composed of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) -"protein factories"
51
Ribosomal proteins destination
parts of the cell, enzymes, or exported protein secretions
52
mRNA
messenger RNA from the nucleus acts as a blueprint for the construction of proteins
53
tRNA
transfer RNA, plays a key role in the assembly of proteins
54
During severe hypoxic states, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases. T/F?
True
55
Golgi Apparatus
processes, packages, and secretes proteins and hormones
56
Prehormone to prohormone
initial protein is manufactured in the ribosome containing a single peptide. -It is transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum, during the transfer the single peptide is removed and it is now prohormone to be moved to Golgi apparatus to be converted to an actual hormone to be secreted by endocrine glands.
57
Secretory Vesicles
formed by the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi apparatus system and store substances that are secreted by cells before their release. Secretory vesicles release content into extracellular space from cells periphery
58
Microtubules
hollow filaments composed of protein subunits: tubulin. Constantly being formed, broken down, and reformed.
59
Structures Microtubules Make
- cell division centrioles and mitotic spindle - pathway for secretory vesicles - movement of neurotransmitters down an axon to synapse
60
Cilia
tubular projections containing microtubules,
61
Cilia Action
propels substances along the outside of cells
62
Microfilaments
solid, flexible fibers also referred to as actin filaments
63
Microfilament Action
help change cell shape. Seen in amoeboid movements of macrophages and contraction of muscles
64
Key Proteins in Muscle Contraction
Actin and Myosin
65
Actin and myosin action in contraction
one end of actin filament elongates while the other end contracts
66
Nucleus
cells mastermind, contains DNA, regulates cell structure and function
67
DNA
double-stranded helical chain containing variable sequences of nucleotides
68
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous bases and a phosphate bound pentose (5 carbon sugar) called deoxyribose
69
Purine Bases
Adenine and Guanine
70
Pyrimidine Bases
Thymine and Cytosine
71
DNA molecule ladder
phosphate-pentose backbone, | purine -pyrimidine base pair steps
72
DNA Base Pairing
Adenine to Thymine | Guanine to Cytosine
73
Chromatin
in the nucleus, the DNA is folded on itself
74
DNA Replication - Basic
DNA polymerase uncoils and splits into two separate strand templates, new pairing begins, each pair forms hydrogen bond to form along the original strand. In the end there are two identical strands
75
Transcription
Occurs in the nucleus. Two strands separate, one strand synthesizes RNA, RNA strand copies information from main DNA strand then leaves the nucleus
76
RNA types
mRNA - Messenger RNA tRNA -Transfer RNA rRNA - Ribosomal RNA
77
Base Pairs in RNA
Adenine to Uracil | Guanine to Cytosine
78
Translation
happens in the ribosome | ribosomes interpret mRNA to manufacture proteins. tRNA gathers and joins the exact amino acids to creat the protein
79
Codon
three nitrogenous bases instruction to one amino acid. Interpreted by ribosomes

NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC (11 decks)

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