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MICROBIOLOGY Midterm#1 > CH. 1: The Microbial World & You > Flashcards

CH. 1: The Microbial World & You Flashcards

1
Q

microorganisms are

A

too small to be seen w/ unaided eye

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2
Q

microorganisms (7)

A 
bacteria
archaea
fungi (yeasts and molds)
protozoa
microscopic algae
viruses
multicellular animal parasites
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3
Q

germ

A

rapidly growing cell

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4
Q

disease-causing

A

pathogenic

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5
Q

microbes & their beneficial processes for ex.:

A
  • decomp of organic waste
  • producers (via photosynthesis)
  • produce industrial chemicals (ie. ethanol and acetone)
  • produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese, bread)
  • produce products used in manufacturing (ie. cellulose) and disease treatment (ie. insulin)
  • are normal microbiota that maintain good health
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6
Q

genetic engineering

A

microbes manipulated to produce what we want

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7
Q

cotton from

A

Gluconacetobacter xylinus

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8
Q

stone-washing from

A

Trichoderma fungus cellulose

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9
Q

indigo from

A

E. coli

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10
Q

E.coli uses ______ to produce indigo

A

tryptophan

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11
Q

bleaching

A

mushroom peroxidase produced from yeast

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12
Q

plastic

A

bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate, an ester

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13
Q

microOs allow humans to (3)

A
  1. prevent food spoilage
  2. prevent disease occurrence
  3. develop aseptic techniques
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14
Q

person who established the naming system

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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15
Q

naming system

A

genus name first; italicized and capitalized
specific name second, italicized and lowercase
Can be abbreviated with first letter and (.) after first use

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16
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A 
staphylo = clustered
cocci = spherical cells
aureus = gold-clustered colonies seen
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17
Q

Escherichia coli

A 
E. = scientist who discovered
coli = intestine
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18
Q

BACTERIA characteristics:

A
    • unicellular
    • prokaryotes
    • several shapes (bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped or square)
    • genus/species appearance (pairs, chains, clusters and other groupings)
    • HAVE PEPTIDOGLYCAN CELL WALLS OF VARYING THICKNESS
    • binary fission
    • energy: use organic and inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
    • may move VIA FLAGELLA
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19
Q

ARCHAEA characteristics:

A
    • prokaryotic
    • LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN
    • live in extreme environments
    • have THREE groups
    • usually NOT pathogenic/disease causing
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20
Q

distinguishing feature of bacteria and archaea

A

peptidoglycan cell walls (archaea lack peptido, bacteria has it)

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21
Q

3 groups of ARCHAEA:

A

Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermophiles

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22
Q

methanogens

A

methane as a by-product of respiration

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23
Q

extreme halophiles

A

live in extremely salty environments ie. dead sea/great salt lake

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24
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

live in hot sufurous waters ie. hot springs

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25
Q

FUNGI characteristics

A
    • EUKARYOTES
    • CHITIN cell walls
    • organic chemicals for energy
  • -multi or unicellular
    • sexual and asexual reproduction
    • absorb solutions of organic material from environment - soil, water, animals, plants
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26
Q

Molds and Mushrooms are _____cellular

Yeasts are ___cellular

A 
Molds/mushrooms = multi
Yeasts = unicellular
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27
Q

molds and mushrooms consist of masses of ______, which are composed of filaments called ______

A

mycelia

hyphae

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28
Q

PROTOZOA characteristics:

A
    • EUKARYOTES
    • UNIcellular
    • absorb or ingest organic chemicals
    • may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella
    • free living or parasitic
    • some are photosynthetic
    • sexual or asexual repro
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29
Q

pseudopods

A

false feet – amebae move in this way

protozoa

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30
Q

a photosynthetic protozoa

A

Euglena

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31
Q

ALGAE characteristics (most similar to plants):

A
    • EUKARYOTES
    • cellulose cell walls
    • use photosynthesis for energy
    • produce molecular O2 and organic compounds
    • sexual or asexual reproduction
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32
Q

VIRUSES characteristics (the most different):

A
    • ACELLULAR
    • consist of DNA or RNA core
    • core is surrounded by a protein coat
    • coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelop
    • are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
    • living when in a host cell, non-living when outside of a host cell as they cannot self-replicate
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33
Q

MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES

A
    • not strictly microOs
    • medical importance
    • eukaryotes
    • multicellular animals
    • microscopic stages in life cycles
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34
Q

parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called

A

helminths

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35
Q

the parasitic guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinesis (removal is slow b/c if it breaks, will release toxins that cause shock)

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36
Q

who devised the system based on cellular organization

A

Carl Woese

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37
Q

Three domains:

A
  1. bacteria – have peptido
  2. archaea – lack peptido
  3. eukarya – have nucleus
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38
Q

eukary domain contains

A

protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms)
plants (mosses, ferns, cornifers)
animals (sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates)

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39
Q

ancestors of _____ were the first life on earth

A

bacteria

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40
Q

first microbes observed in

A

1673

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41
Q

robert hook (first)

A

living things composed of little boxes, or cells

marked the beginning of cell theory

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42
Q

rudolf virchow (second)

A

said cells arise from pre-existing cells

challenged the theory of spontaneous generation

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43
Q

Cell Theory

A

all living things are composed of cells, which come from pre-existing cells

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44
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

described live microOs which he called “animalcules

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45
Q

spontaneous generation

A

hypothesis that living organisms arise from non-living matter; a “vital force” forms life

46
Q

biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from pre-existing life

47
Q

Francesco REDI

A

decaying meat in jars experiment (one with and one without net)
but the maggots came from the air/flies exposed to
supports biogenesis (jar with net = no maggots/flies, open jar = maggots/flies)

48
Q

John NEEDHAM

A

put boiled nutrient broth in covered flasks
had microbial growth in them
at the time this supported spont. generation (but we know the microbes came from elsewhere)

49
Q

Lazarro SPALLANZANI

A

boiled nutrient solutions in flasks and then sealed them = NO microbial growth
supports BIOGENESIS

50
Q

Louis PASTEUR (1861)

A

demonstrated that microOs are presentin the air
nutrient broth in flask, heated, NOT sealed = growth
same thing but sealed = NO growth
supports BIOGENESIS
his S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in
demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

51
Q

golden age of microbiology

A

1857-1914:
beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

52
Q

fermentation

A

the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
pasteur showed microbes are responsible for this process
bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enought to evaporate the alcohol in wine

53
Q

pasteurization

A

the application of high heat for a short time to reduce microbial levels

54
Q

Germ Theory of Disease:

people in order

A 
Agostino BASSI
Pasteur
Ignaz SEMMELWEIS
Joseph LISTER
Robert KOCH
55
Q

agostino BASSI

A

showed that a silworm disease was caused by a fungus

56
Q

Pasteur

A

showed that another silkworm diesase was caused by a protozoan

57
Q

Ignaz SEMMELWEIS

A

advocated for handwashing — to prevent transmission or PEURPURAL fever from one obs pt to another

58
Q

Joseph LISTER

A

used a chemical disinfectant (PHENOL) to prevent surgical wound infections; proved that microbes cause surgical wound infections

59
Q

Robert KOCH

A

proved that bacterium causes ANTHRAX and provided the experimental steps

60
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

are established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease

61
Q

vaccination

A

Edward JENNER

inoculated someone with a COWPOX virus, who was then protected from SMALLPOX

62
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment with chemicals (can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics)

63
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

64
Q

Quinine

A

from tree bark was used to treat malaria

65
Q

Paul EHRLICH

A

speculated about a “magic bullet” that could kill a pathogen without harming the host

66
Q

in 1910, Ehrlich developed

A

a synthetic arsenic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphillis

67
Q

in 1928, Alexander FLEMING discovered

A

the first antibiotic (by accident)

68
Q

Fleming observed

A

Penicillum fungus made an antibiotic that killed S.aureus

69
Q

Penicilin

A

tested clinically and mass produced in the 1940s

70
Q

bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

71
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

72
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

73
Q

parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

74
Q

immunology

A

study of immunity (vaccines and interferons being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases)

75
Q

interferons

A

proteins released by animal cells, usually in response to entry of a virus, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication (anti-viral defense)

76
Q

Rebecca LANCEFIELD in 1933

A

proposed identifying some bacteria according to serotypes; she classified streptococci according to serotypes

77
Q

serotypes

A

variants within a species

78
Q

microbial genetics

A

the study of how microbes inherit traits

79
Q

molecular biology

A

the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

80
Q

genomics

A

the study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microOs

81
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from two different sources

82
Q

Paul BERG

A

in 1960s, PAUL BERG inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein

83
Q

George BEADLE and Edward TATUM (1941)

A

showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes

84
Q

Oswald AVERY, Colin MACLEOD & Maclyn McCARTY (1944)

A

showerd that DNA is the heredity material

85
Q

(1953) James WATSON and Francis CRICK

A

model for the structure of DNA and its replication proposed

86
Q

(1961) Francois JACOB and Jacques MONOD

A

discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis (later made the first discoveries aout regulation of gene function)

87
Q

microbial ecology

A

bacteria recucle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous that can be used by plants and animals

88
Q

bioremediation

A

bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

89
Q

biological insecticides

A

microbes that are pathogenic to the insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to crops and disease transmission

90
Q

example of a biological insecticide

A

Bacillus thuringiensis – fatal in many insects but harmless to plants/animals/humans

91
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of microbes to produce food and chemicals

92
Q

example of biotechnology

A

making cheddar cheese; the milk has been coagulated by the action of rennin (forming curd) and is inoculated with ripening bacteria for flavour and acidity

93
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

new technique for biotechnology

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, including vaccines and enzymes

94
Q

gene therapy

A

can replace missing or defective genes in human cells

95
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes normally present in and on the human body

  • > preven growth of pathogens
  • > produce growth factors, such as folic acid and vit K
96
Q

resistance

A

the ability of the body to ward off disease

97
Q

resistance factors include:

A

skin
mucous membranes
stomach acid
antimicrobial chemicals

98
Q

biofilms

A

microbes that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses (rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants)

99
Q

example of biofilm

A

staphylococcus on a catheter

100
Q

disease results when

A

a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance

101
Q

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

are new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

102
Q

Avian Influenza A

A
  • influenza A virus (H5N1)
  • in waterfowl and poultry
  • sustained human to human transmission has not occured yet
103
Q

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)

A

1950s: penicillin resistance developed
1980s: methicillin resistance
1990s: MRSA resistance to VANCOMYCIN reported
- –> VISA (vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S.aureus)
- –> VRSA (vancomycin-resistant S. aureus)

104
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

A

caused by west nile virus

    • first dx in west nile region of Uganda in 1937
    • NY in 1999
    • in non-migratory birds in 48 states
      ie. Culex mosquito engorged with human blood
105
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

aka mad cow disease
caused by a PRION (an infectious protein)
found in cattle that have been fed sheep offal organ meats for protein
has holes under a microscope

106
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins

107
Q

prions also cause

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

- new variant of CJD in humans similar to the prion that causes BSE

108
Q

Escherichia Coli O157:H7

A

toxin producing strain of E.coli
first seen in 1982
leading cause of diarrhea worldwise
enterhemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) causes pedestal formations

109
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

A

causes fever, hemorrhaging, blood clotting

first ID’d near ebola river, Congo

110
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Cryptosporidium(italicized) protozoa
–> causes Oocysts on the intestinal mucosa
first reported in 1976
– causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
in the US, transmitted via water (ie. wisconsin example)

111
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
first IDd in 1981
– unusual variety of pneumonia killed several young men
– correlated with Kaposi’s sarcoma in this group
worldwide epidemic infecting 33 million people; 7500 new infections daily
STI affecting males and females

MICROBIOLOGY Midterm#1 (4 decks)

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