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Nueroscience > Ch 1 to 4 > Flashcards

Ch 1 to 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain holes to revieve pressure

A

trepanation

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2
Q

Ancient Greece

Hippocrates

What is thier belief?

A

Brain is seat of intelligence

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3
Q

Ancient Greece

Aristole

What is thier belief?

A

believed like the Egyptains that heart is center, not brain

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4
Q

Rome

Galen

What did he do?

A

He disected the brain and found two major stuctures; cerebellum and cerebrum

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5
Q

renaissance

Decrartes

What was their belief?

A

mind = spirituality
brian = function

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6
Q

What Information was descovered in the 1600 to 1700?

A
  • Gray-white matter
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7
Q

What Information was discovered in the 1800?

A
  • CNS +PNS
  • Surface structures
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8
Q

What information was discovered in late 1800 to 1900?

A

Nerves=wires

expirement- nerves=cause muscles to twitch

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9
Q

What did Bell + Magenide learn?

A

Electrical Signals move along the nerve in one direction.

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10
Q

What inforamtion was discovered in 19th century?

A

Brain regions= fucntion localization

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11
Q

Schwann’s cell theory

A

all tissues are composed of cells

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12
Q

Scientific process

A
  1. observation
  2. replication
  3. interpration
  4. vertification
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13
Q

Neurons

A

cells that speacilze in processing + electrical communction

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14
Q

Glia

A

insulated and support neurons

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15
Q

Camillio Golgi

A

was founder of the Golgi stain and reticular theory

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16
Q

Reticualr Theory

A

Neurons are physicaly connected

false

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17
Q

Santiago Raman y cajol

A

Neuron Doctrine

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18
Q

Neuron Doctrines

A

communicate by touch

correct

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19
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body
  • contians Nelus, rough er, smooth er, golgi appartus, and mitochondria.
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20
Q

Soma parts

Nucleus

A
  • Contains DNA
  • Transcription: mRNA nucleic squence(info)
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21
Q

Soma parts

Rough ER

A
  • Major sit eof protein syntheis
  • translation mRNA synthresis for protein from amino acids
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22
Q

Soma parts

Smooth ER

A

Protein folding site and regualtes Ca2+ concentration

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23
Q

Soma parts

Golgi Appartus

A

Post-translational modifcations and delivers to distinction.

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24
Q

Soma parts

Mitochondria

A

ATP

- kerb cycle= cellular respiration

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25
Q

Neuronal Membrane

A

it’s semi- permeable and contains proteins

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26
Q

Cytoskelton

A

gives neuron it’s shape

important for fucntion

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27
Q

microtubes

A

stands and tublin around hollow tube

s

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28
Q

microfilamamants

A

two thing strands of actin

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29
Q

neurofilament

A

rope-like structure

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30
Q

Axon

A

delivers info from one cell to another

is differnt from soma

has no R er

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31
Q

Axon Terminal

A

enlarged area at the end of the axon

contians mitochindria and synapthic vessesl

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32
Q

Synapse

A

contact b/w two neruons

33
Q

pre-synaptic

A

axon terminal

34
Q

post-synaptic

A

dendrites or soma of another neuorn

35
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space b/w the two neuron

36
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

information transfer b/w neuron

37
Q

Action potential

A

information is conducted
* fucntion: elctrical signals (ALL or Nothing)

38
Q

Why are Neurons excitable?

A

beucase they have resting memebrane potential

39
Q

Cytosol

A

miantian intraceullural and extracellular fluids
* water is polar

40
Q

ions

A

molecules and atoms have a net electrical charge

41
Q

Phosopholipid membrane

A

a fluid barrier

42
Q

How is the fuild barrier made?

A

lipids are hydrophobic; causing them to move away from water

43
Q

types of proteins in neurons

A

enzymes, cystosketeal proteins, receptors, special transmemebrane proteins

44
Q

primary structure

A

chain of amino acids

45
Q

secondary structure

A

coil or pleat structure as amino acid chain forms

46
Q

tertiary structure

A

3d shape, forms sides

47
Q

Quatennary structure

A

arrangment of subunits

48
Q

Channels

A

allows proteins through the lipid bilayer

49
Q

Ion pumps

A

enzymes, need atp to function
* moves ions across the membrane
* Na+ pump

50
Q

improtant of channels

A

selectivity and permeabiltiy

51
Q

Diffusion

A
  • moves ions from
  • high to low concentration
  • and pushes through channels due to concentration gradient
52
Q

Electricabilty

A
  • movement of electrical charge
  • influences ion movement
  • detemined by electrical potential + electrical conduct
53
Q

nueronal membrane at rest

A

ionic basis of the resting membrane potential

voltage across the membrane

54
Q

resting potential

A

due to uneven charge distribution required for neuron to function
* AP peak (40 mv) due to movement of ions

55
Q

Equilibrium Potentially

A

point where diffusion and electrical forces are equal
* ions cease to move across the membrane
* no channels in memebrane

56
Q

Key points of action potential

A
  1. small changes in ion concentration= large changes in membrane potential
  2. net difference in charge out membrane surface
  3. membrane potential- equilibrium potential= rate of ion movement (ionic driving force)
57
Q

What is Action potential?

A

a signal that convey info over by distance

58
Q

rising phase

A

rapid deploraztion of the membrane

59
Q

overshoot

A

when inside of cell is chnged

60
Q

falling phase

A

rapid replorzation of the membrane

61
Q

undershoot

A

when interval chnage falls below resting potential aka hyperplorazation.

62
Q

generation of AP

A
  1. input of info: neurotransmitter binds to receptor and energy from serving input
  2. transmitter: gated na+ channels open along the dendrites
  3. deplorziation- reactes threshold level at the axon hillock (all or none)
63
Q

AP theory

A

factors governing the electrical current

ions move when channels are open

64
Q

conductance

A

number of open channels

65
Q

NA+ ion

A

highly concentration outside of the neuron

highly conductance when channel open

66
Q

openning of Na+ channel

A

rising phase of AP

67
Q

K+ flows at the neuron

A

falling phase of AP

68
Q

voltage clamp

A

rounding how ions move when membrane potential is held constant

69
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channel structure

A

open w/ little delay but has a quick rising phase
* needs to react to AP until membrane potential reputation
* deplorization at ~40 mv

70
Q

voltage Gated K+ channels

A

channels open later than Na+ channel
* takes about 1 m/sec for them to open
* causes reset membrane potential

71
Q

Propagation:orthodermic

A

AP travel in one direction

72
Q

Antidermic

A

backwards of propagation
* ap travels towards cell body

73
Q

conduction velocity

A

how fast up spread’s along membrane

bigger=faster

74
Q

Myelianted axons

A
  • current flow
75
Q

Spike-initation zone

A

axon hillock

76
Q

graded potential

A

Na+, Ca+, Cl-, enters gated ion channels

77
Q

neural code

A

pattern of firing communicate specfic types of information

78
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune attacks the same concept of meylate shealth from CNS/ oligrodracyctes

Nueroscience (2 decks)

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