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Nueroscience > Ch 1 to 4 > Flashcards

Ch 1 to 4 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Brain holes to revieve pressure

A

trepanation

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2
Q

Ancient Greece

Hippocrates

What is thier belief?

A

Brain is seat of intelligence

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3
Q

Ancient Greece

Aristole

What is thier belief?

A

believed like the Egyptains that heart is center, not brain

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4
Q

Rome

Galen

What did he do?

A

He disected the brain and found two major stuctures; cerebellum and cerebrum

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5
Q

renaissance

Decrartes

What was their belief?

A

mind = spirituality
brian = function

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6
Q

What Information was descovered in the 1600 to 1700?

A
  • Gray-white matter
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7
Q

What Information was discovered in the 1800?

A
  • CNS +PNS
  • Surface structures
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8
Q

What information was discovered in late 1800 to 1900?

A

Nerves=wires

expirement- nerves=cause muscles to twitch

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9
Q

What did Bell + Magenide learn?

A

Electrical Signals move along the nerve in one direction.

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10
Q

What inforamtion was discovered in 19th century?

A

Brain regions= fucntion localization

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11
Q

Schwann’s cell theory

A

all tissues are composed of cells

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12
Q

Scientific process

A
  1. observation
  2. replication
  3. interpration
  4. vertification
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13
Q

Neurons

A

cells that speacilze in processing + electrical communction

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14
Q

Glia

A

insulated and support neurons

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15
Q

Camillio Golgi

A

was founder of the Golgi stain and reticular theory

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16
Q

Reticualr Theory

A

Neurons are physicaly connected

false

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17
Q

Santiago Raman y cajol

A

Neuron Doctrine

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18
Q

Neuron Doctrines

A

communicate by touch

correct

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19
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body
  • contians Nelus, rough er, smooth er, golgi appartus, and mitochondria.
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20
Q

Soma parts

Nucleus

A
  • Contains DNA
  • Transcription: mRNA nucleic squence(info)
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21
Q

Soma parts

Rough ER

A
  • Major sit eof protein syntheis
  • translation mRNA synthresis for protein from amino acids
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22
Q

Soma parts

Smooth ER

A

Protein folding site and regualtes Ca2+ concentration

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23
Q

Soma parts

Golgi Appartus

A

Post-translational modifcations and delivers to distinction.

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24
Q

Soma parts

Mitochondria

A

ATP

- kerb cycle= cellular respiration

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25
Neuronal Membrane
it's semi- permeable and contains proteins
26
Cytoskelton
gives neuron it's shape | important for fucntion
27
microtubes
stands and tublin around hollow tube | s
28
microfilamamants
two thing strands of actin
29
neurofilament
rope-like structure
30
Axon
delivers info from one cell to another | is differnt from soma ## Footnote has no R er
31
Axon Terminal
enlarged area at the end of the axon | contians mitochindria and synapthic vessesl
32
Synapse
contact b/w two neruons
33
pre-synaptic
axon terminal
34
post-synaptic
dendrites or soma of another neuorn
35
Synaptic cleft
space b/w the two neuron
36
Synaptic transmission
information transfer b/w neuron
37
Action potential
information is conducted * fucntion: elctrical signals (ALL or Nothing)
38
Why are Neurons excitable?
beucase they have resting memebrane potential
39
Cytosol
miantian intraceullural and extracellular fluids * water is polar
40
ions
molecules and atoms have a net electrical charge
41
Phosopholipid membrane
a fluid barrier
42
How is the fuild barrier made?
lipids are hydrophobic; causing them to move away from water
43
types of proteins in neurons
enzymes, cystosketeal proteins, receptors, special transmemebrane proteins
44
primary structure
chain of amino acids
45
secondary structure
coil or pleat structure as amino acid chain forms
46
tertiary structure
3d shape, forms sides
47
Quatennary structure
arrangment of subunits
48
Channels
allows proteins through the lipid bilayer
49
Ion pumps
enzymes, need atp to function * moves ions across the membrane * Na+ pump
50
improtant of channels
selectivity and permeabiltiy
51
Diffusion
* moves ions from * high to low concentration * and pushes through channels due to concentration gradient
52
Electricabilty
* movement of electrical charge * influences ion movement * detemined by electrical potential + electrical conduct
53
nueronal membrane at rest
ionic basis of the resting membrane potential | voltage across the membrane
54
resting potential
due to uneven charge distribution required for neuron to function * AP peak (40 mv) due to movement of ions
55
Equilibrium Potentially
point where diffusion and electrical forces are equal * ions cease to move across the membrane * no channels in memebrane
56
Key points of action potential
1. small changes in ion concentration= large changes in membrane potential 2. net difference in charge out membrane surface 3. membrane potential- equilibrium potential= rate of ion movement (ionic driving force)
57
What is Action potential?
a signal that convey info over by distance
58
rising phase
rapid deploraztion of the membrane
59
overshoot
when inside of cell is chnged
60
falling phase
rapid replorzation of the membrane
61
undershoot
when interval chnage falls below resting potential aka hyperplorazation.
62
generation of AP
1. input of info: neurotransmitter binds to receptor and energy from serving input 2. transmitter: gated na+ channels open along the dendrites 3. deplorziation- reactes threshold level at the axon hillock (all or none)
63
AP theory
factors governing the electrical current | ions move when channels are open
64
conductance
number of open channels
65
NA+ ion
highly concentration outside of the neuron | highly conductance when channel open
66
openning of Na+ channel
rising phase of AP
67
K+ flows at the neuron
falling phase of AP
68
voltage clamp
rounding how ions move when membrane potential is held constant
69
Voltage-gated Na+ channel structure
open w/ little delay but has a quick rising phase * needs to react to AP until membrane potential reputation * deplorization at ~40 mv
70
voltage Gated K+ channels
channels open later than Na+ channel * takes about 1 m/sec for them to open * causes reset membrane potential
71
Propagation:orthodermic
AP travel in one direction
72
Antidermic
backwards of propagation * ap travels towards cell body
73
conduction velocity
how fast up spread's along membrane | bigger=faster
74
Myelianted axons
* current flow
75
Spike-initation zone
axon hillock
76
graded potential
Na+, Ca+, Cl-, enters gated ion channels
77
neural code
pattern of firing communicate specfic types of information
78
Multiple sclerosis
autoimmune attacks the same concept of meylate shealth from CNS/ oligrodracyctes

Nueroscience (2 decks)

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