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Arborist Cert > Ch. 1 Tree Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Tree Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the area at the base of a petiole, small branch, or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf, flower, or fruit drop.

A

Abscission Zone

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2
Q

Fine roots with functional root hairs that are responsible for the uptake of water and minerals.

A

Absorbing Roots

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3
Q

Bud arising peripherally from a place other than a leaf axillary or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.

A

Adventitious Bud

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4
Q

Above ground roots.

A

Aerial Roots

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5
Q

A plant with seeds borne in an ovary.

A

Angiosperm

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6
Q

Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of plants.

A

Anthocyanin

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7
Q

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.

A

Apical or Terminal Bud

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8
Q

Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.

A

Apical Dominance

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9
Q

Growing point in buds and at the tips of shoots and roots.

A

Apical Meristem

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10
Q

Plant hormones that promote or regulate the growth and development of plants.

A

Auxins

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11
Q

Auxins are produced at sites where cells are what?

A

Dividing

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12
Q

Where are auxins primarily located?

A

Shoot tips

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13
Q

Grasses, palms, and related plants are part of what?

A

Monocotyledons

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14
Q

Most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants are considered what?

A

Dicotyledons

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15
Q

Dicotyedons and monocotyledons are both what?

A

Angiosperms

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16
Q

Movement of water, minerals, or photosynthetes longitudinally within a tree is called

A

Axial Transport

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17
Q

A bud in the axil of a leaf is called a

A

Axillary or Lateral Bud

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18
Q

The chemical and anatomical barrier formed by the cambium in response to wounding is called the

A

Barrier Zone

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19
Q

Which wall in the CODIT model is the barrier zone?

A

Wall 4

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20
Q

What inhibits the spread of decay into xylem tissue formed after the time of wounding?

A

The barrier zone.

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21
Q

What is the raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch pushed the bark into a ridge?

A

Branch Bark Ridge

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22
Q

Swollen area where a branch joins the trunk or another branch that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk is called the

A

Branch Collar

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23
Q

Point where a branch originates from the trunk or another branch is called the

A

Branch Union

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24
Q

An undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point is called a

A

Bud

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25
Q

A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot is called a

A

Bud

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26
Q

Roots at the trunk base that helps support the tree and equalize mechanical stress is called

A

Buttress Roots

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27
Q

What are thin layers of meristematic cells that give rise to the phloem and to the xylem, which result in secondary growth of stems and roots?

A

Cambium

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28
Q

Chemical compound that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis or derived from assimilates is called what?

A

Carbohydrates

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29
Q

The combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is called.

A

Carbohydrates

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30
Q

What is CH2O?

A

Carbohydrates

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31
Q

The pigment that is responsible for the colors yellow, orange, or red in some parts of trees and other plants is called what?

A

Carotenoid

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32
Q

Distension in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents is called

A

Cell Turgor

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33
Q

Long chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants is called what

A

Cellulose

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34
Q

What is the green pigment of plants found in chloroplast?

A

Chlorophyll

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35
Q

What captures the energy of the sun and is essential in the photosynthesis process?

A

Chlorophyll

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36
Q

The specialized organelle found in some cells is called what?

A

Chloroplast

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37
Q

What is the site of photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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38
Q

What is the acronym for compartmentalization of decay in trees?

A

CODIT

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39
Q

What is sometimes interpreted as compartmentalization of damage or dysfunction in trees?

A

CODIT

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40
Q

What is the natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms?

A

Compartmentalization

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41
Q

What is the lateral meristem from which the corky, protective outer layer or bark is formed?

A

Cork Cambium

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42
Q

What is known as phellogen?

A

The Cork Cambium

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43
Q

The waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that slows water loss and helps protect the leaf from insects and diseases is called what?

A

Cuticle

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44
Q

What are plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes called?

A

Cytokinins

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45
Q

What is a tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually called?

A

Deciduous

46
Q

The rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown is called what?

A

Decurrent

47
Q

What is the process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions?

A

Differentiation

48
Q

The pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring is called what?

A

Diffuse Porous

49
Q

What is it called when the normal physical functions suspend or slow down for a period of time?

A

Dormant

50
Q

What is the portion of an annual ring that forms after a period of dormancy characterized by large diameter cells and thin walls?

A

Earlywood

51
Q

What is another name for earlywood?

A

Springwood

52
Q

A shoot arising from a dormant bud or from a newly formed adventitious tissue is called what.

A

Epicormic shoot

53
Q

A plant with tricopate pollen grains and two cotyledons in is embryo is called what?

A

Eudicotyledon

54
Q

What type of plants constitute the larger of the two great divisions of flowering plants and typically have broad, stocked leaves with net-like veins?

A

Eudicotyledons

55
Q

What is a tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage progressively over a period of years rather than annually called?

A

Evergreen

56
Q

The pattern of a tree branching characterized by a dominant leader and an upright or pyramidal, cone-shaped crown is called.

A

Excurrent

57
Q

What is an elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood?

A

Fiber

58
Q

What is the large divided leaf structure found in palms and ferns called?

A

Frond

59
Q

Plant growth that is produced as a response to the force of gravity

A

Geotropism

60
Q

Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones , the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.

A

Growth Rings

61
Q

The pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata due to a change in water pressure within cells is called

A

Guard Cells

62
Q

Plants with exposed seeds usually within cones is called

A

Gymnosperms

63
Q

The classes Ginkgopsida and coniferopsida are members of what group?

A

The gymnosperms

64
Q

The central wood in a branch or stem characterized by being composed of dead cells more resistant to decay, generally darker, and harder than the outer sap wood is called.

A

Heartwood

65
Q

Trees may or may not have what type of wood?

A

Heartwood

66
Q

What is it called when there is bark that becomes embedded in the union between branch and trunk or between codominant stems?

A

Included Bark

67
Q

A cluster of flowers is called

A

Inflorescence

68
Q

What is the region of the stem between two successive nodes called?

A

Internode

69
Q

What is the root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis?

A

Lateral Root

70
Q

The portion of an annual ring that forms during summer, characterized by small -diameter cells with thick walls is called

A

Latewood

71
Q

Edge of a leaf petiole where it meets the stem is called.

A

Leaf Axil

72
Q

What is the small openings in the bark that permits the exchange of gases?

A

Lenticels

73
Q

The organic substance that inpregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell and, at times, to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage is called.

A

Lignin

74
Q

Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place is called what?

Is found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent huds.

A

Meristem

75
Q

Plants with an embryo that has one single seed leaf.Examples are grasses and palms.

A

Monocotyledons

76
Q

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots.

A

Mycorrhizea

77
Q

Points on a stem from which leaves, branches, and aerial roots are attached

A

Node

78
Q

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential is called

A

Osmosis

79
Q

Thin walled, living cells capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of defense compounds are

A

Parenchyma Cells

80
Q

The stalk or support axis of a leaf between the stem and the blade is called

A

Petiole

81
Q

A plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators by directionally. Is known as what?

Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium.

A

Phloem

82
Q

The general term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis is called

A

Photosynthate

83
Q

The process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon dioxide is

A

Photosynthesis

84
Q

The influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.

A

Phototropism

85
Q

A compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and / or development of plants may be naturally produced or synthetic

A

Plant Growth Regulator

86
Q

A substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substance’s point of origin.

A

Plant Hormone

87
Q

Root and stem growth in length. Occurs in both apical and lateral meristems.

A

Primary Growth

88
Q

The process of increasing plant numbers, both sexually and asexually is called

A

Propagation

89
Q

Lateral movement of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem

A

Radial Transport

90
Q

Parenchyma tissues that extend radialy across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense are known as

A

Ray

91
Q

The natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Is important in the process of compartmentalization.

A

Reaction Zone

92
Q

What is the process in plants that converts carbohydrates into energy by using oxygen?

A

Respiration

93
Q

Pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood

A

Ring Porous

94
Q

Area where the main roots join the plant stem, usually at or near ground level. Also known as root collar.

A

Root Crown

95
Q

Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge.

A

Root Initiation Zone

96
Q

Dense network of roots. In palms, near the base of the stem.

A

Root Mat

97
Q

Outer wood that has living cells that are active in logitudinal transport of water in solutes.

A

Sapwood

98
Q

What is it called when there are increases in root and stem girth or diameter?
Occurs at lateral or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots.

A

Secondary Growth

99
Q

Separation of wood at the growth rings or rays, often along the barrier zone that forms in the compartmentalization process.

A

Shake

100
Q

A plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces.

A

Sink

101
Q

Downward-growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals. Especially useful during periods of drought.

A

Sinker Roots

102
Q

In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates.

A

Source

103
Q

Small apertures, between two guard cells on the underside of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated.

A

Stomata

104
Q

The association of two different types of living organisms that is not detrimental to either organism and is beneficial to one, and usually both, of the organisms.

A

Symbiosis

105
Q

Central, vertical root growing directly below the main street or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity.

A

Taproot

106
Q

Region lying between the tropics and permafrost zones where temperature ranges and conditions permit plant growth.

A

Temperate

107
Q

Elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and is adapted for the support and transport of water and elements.

A

Tracheid

108
Q

Water vapor loss primarily through the stomata of leaves.

A

Transpiration

109
Q

Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus, such as gravity or light.

A

Tropism

110
Q

End-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms

A

Vessel

111
Q

Main water and mineral-conducting tissue in trees and other plants.
Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying.

A

Xylem

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