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Anatomy > Ch. 10/11/12 > Flashcards

Ch. 10/11/12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle attachments to bone?

A

indirect | direct

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2
Q

Describe the indirect attachment of muscle to bone?

A

via tendons = bridge the gap between bone and muscle end attachments

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3
Q

How do tendons attach muscles to bone?

A

muscle collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, & epimysium &raquo_space; into the tendon &raquo_space; into bone periosteum & matrix

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4
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

broad, flat sheet tendon

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5
Q

What is retinaculum?

A

connective tissue band that separates tendon from muscle

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of muscles that are indirectly attached to bone?

A

biceps brachii | achilles tendon

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7
Q

Describe the direct attachment of muscle to bone?

A

little separation between muscle and bone | muscle seems to immerge directly from bone

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8
Q

What are 2 examples of muscles that are directly attached to bone?

A

margins of brachialis | lateral head of triceps brachii

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of muscle groups according to fascicle orientation?

A

fusiform | parallel | triangular (convergent) | pennate | circular (sphincters)

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10
Q

What are fusiform muscles?

A

thick middle, tapered ends

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11
Q

2 examples of fusiform muscles.

A

biceps brachii | gastrocnemius

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12
Q

What are parallel muscles?

A

uniform width and parallel fascicles

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13
Q

2 examples of parallel muscles.

A

rectus abdominis | zygomaticus major

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14
Q

What are triangular muscles?

A

fan-shaped = broad origin tapering down to narrow insertion

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15
Q

2 examples of triangular muscles.

A

pectoralis major | temporalis

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16
Q

What are pennate muscles? What are the 3 types?

A

feather-shaped = fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon | unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

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17
Q

2 examples of pennate muscles.

A

rectus femoris | deltoid

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18
Q

What are circular muscles?

A

ring around body opening

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19
Q

2 examples of circular muscles.

A

sphincters | orbicularis oculi

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20
Q

What is fascicle?

A

bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium = separates from other fascicles

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21
Q

What are the 6 structural hierarchy of skeletal muscle? (big > small)

A

muscle | fascicle | muscle fiber | myofibril | sarcomere | myofilaments

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22
Q

Define muscle.

A

contractile organ wrapped in epimysium

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23
Q

Define muscle fiber.

A

single muscle cell | bundle of myofibrils wrapped in endomysium

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24
Q

Define myofibril.

A

bundle of protein filaments

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25
Q

What is endomysium? What is its function? What type of connective fiber is it?

A

encases each muscle fiber | allows capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber | loose areolar connective tissue

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26
Q

What is perimysium? What is its function? What type of connective fiber is it?

A

encases fascicles | carries larger blood vessels, nerves and stretch receptors | thicker layer of loose connective tissue

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27
Q

What is epimysium? What is its function? What type of connective fiber is it?

A

encases entire muscle | separates it from other structures | dense irregular

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28
Q

What is fascia?

A

dense irregular connective tissue that separates muscles from others

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29
Q

Define sarcomere.

A

myofibril segment = functional contractile unit of muscle fiber

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30
Q

Define myofilaments.

A

fibrous protein strands (thin and thick) carry out contractile process

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31
Q

What is muscle excitability?

A

electrical/mechanical response due to stimuli from nervous system

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32
Q

What are the 7 functional groups of skeletal muscles?

A

action | prime mover | synergist | antagonist | fixator | intrinsic | extrinsic

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33
Q

What is the action functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

effect produced by muscle | produce/prevent movement

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34
Q

What is the prime mover functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

(agonist) produces main force of action

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35
Q

What is the synergist functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

aids prime mover = stabilize nearby joint OR alters direction of movement

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36
Q

What is the antagonist functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

opposes prime mover = relaxes to give prime mover more control of an action OR prevents excessive movement and injury

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37
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

muscles that act on opposite sides of joint

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38
Q

What is the fixator functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

prevents bone movement

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39
Q

What is the intrinsic functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

both origin and insertion contained within a certain region

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40
Q

What is the extrinsic functional group of skeletal muscles?

A

acts on designated region but origin is elsewhere | ex: fingers have extrinsic muscles in forearm

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41
Q

What are the 5 functions of muscles?

A

movement | stability | control of openings and passageways | heat production | glycemic control

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42
Q

What are the 6 components that make up one muscle cell?

A

sarcolemma | sarcoplasm | contractile proteins | regulatory proteins | elastic filaments

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43
Q

What are the 5 components that make up the sarcomere?

A

A band | H band | M line | I band | Z line

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44
Q

What is a sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane

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45
Q

What is a sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm w/ myofibrils, glycogen and myoglobin

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46
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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47
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins?

A

thick myosin filaments | thin actin filaments

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48
Q

What are the 2 regulatory proteins?

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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49
Q

What is the elastic filament?

A

titin = holds down thick filaments

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50
Q

What is an A band?

A

dark stripe of thick filaments | has some overlap with thin filaments

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51
Q

What is an H band?

A

central region of A band | lighter bc lack of thin filaments

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52
Q

What is M line?

A

midline of A and H band = holds thick filaments together vertically

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53
Q

What is an I band?

A

light stripe of thin filaments

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54
Q

What is a Z line?

A

midline of I band | defines boundaries of sarcomeres

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55
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

loss of muscle mass due to no use

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56
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

autoimmune disease | antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions = trigger destruction of ACh receptors = decrease sensitivity of muscle fibers to ACh

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57
Q

What are the 2 classes of muscle fibers?

A

slow oxidative (type I) | fast glycolytic (type II)

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58
Q

What is slow oxidative muscle fibers composed of?

A

abundant mitochondria, myoglobin and blood capillaries = very red | less glycogen

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59
Q

What is slow oxidative muscle fibers?

A

well adapted to aerobic respiration = fatigue resistant | mostly seen in postural muscles

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60
Q

What is fast glycolytic muscle fibers composted of?

A

less mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries = white muscles | abundant glycogen

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61
Q

What is fast glycolytic muscle fibers?

A

anaerobic fermentation | fatigue quickly, not for endurance | well adapted for quick responses

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62
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

striated, short, branched cells | has intercalated discs with gap junctions | mononucleated

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63
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

no striations, small, fusiform cells | 1 nucleus |

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64
Q

What is function of cardiac muscle?

A

involuntary contraction of heart muscle

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65
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

involuntary contraction of tissues and organs

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66
Q

What are the 3 muscles that extend the head? Which is superficial and which is deep?

A

trapezius (superficial) | splenius capitis (deep) | semispinalis capitis (deep)

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67
Q

What is the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

comprises most of scalp = divided into frontal belly (forehead) and occipital belly (back of head)

68
Q

What connects the frontal belly and occipital belly occipitofrontalis muscles?

A

galea aponeurotica

69
Q

What is galea aponeurotica?

A

(galea = helmet, apo = above, neuro = brain) | tough fibrous sheet connective tissue

70
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

71
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis | masseter | medial pterygoid | lateral pterygoid

72
Q

What is the specific function of the temporalis in mastication?

A

elevation / retraction / lateral / medial excursion of mandible

73
Q

What is the innervation of all 4 muscles of masticatiom?

A

mandibular nerve = branch of trigeminal nerve

74
Q

What is the specific function of the masseter in mastication?

A

elevates mandible

75
Q

What is the specific function of the medial pterygoid in mastication?

A

elevation / protraction / sideway movement of mandible

76
Q

What is the specific function of the lateral pterygoid in mastication?

A

depression mandible (mouth open wide) | protraction / sideway movement of mandible

77
Q

What is protraction in mastication?

A

incisors can cut

78
Q

What is elevation in mastication?

A

biting and grinding

79
Q

What does “innervation” of a muscle mean?

A

the nerve that stimulates it = enables diagnoses of nerve issues based on effects on muscle function

80
Q

What are the 7 regions of the face that play in facial expressions?

A

scalp, eyes, nose, mouth, chin, cheeks, superior neck

81
Q

What does mental and buccal mean in facial structures?

A

mental = chin | buccal = cheeks

82
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the scalp for facial expression?

A

occipitofrontalis frontal and occipital belly

83
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the ocular and nasal regions of facial expression?

A

orbicularis oculi (orb = circle; ocul = eye) | levator palpebrae (levat = raise; palpebr = eyelid; superior = upper) | corrugator supercilii (corrug = wrinkle; supercil = eyebrow) | nasalis (nas = nose)

84
Q

What are the 8 muscles of the oral region of facial expression?

A

orbicularis oris (orb = circule; or = mouth) | levator labii superioris (labi = lip) | depressor labii inferioris | depressor/levator anguli oris (angul = corner, angle) | zygomatic major/minor | risorius (risor = laughter) |

85
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the mental and buccal regions of facial expression?

A

mentalis | buccinator

86
Q

What is the muscle on your neck under your chin?

A

platysma = lower lip/angle of mouth downward or tense skin of chin and neck

87
Q

What nerves innervate the facial muscles?

A

facial nerve | oculomotor nerve (levator palpebrae superioris)

88
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the suprahyoid group?

A

digastric | geniohyoid | mylohyoid | stylohyoid

89
Q

What is the function of the digastric muscle of the suprahyoid?

A

opens mouth widely

90
Q

What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle of the suprahyoid?

A

depresses mandible

91
Q

What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle of the suprahyoid?

A

elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing

92
Q

What is the function of the stylohyoid muscle of the suprahyoid?

A

elevates hyoid

93
Q

What is the suprahyoid group of the neck muscles?

A

aspects of chewing, swallowing and vocalizing

94
Q

What is the infrahyoid group of the neck muscles?

A

fix hyoid bone from below = allow suprahyoid muscles to open mouth

95
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the infrahyoid group of the neck muscles?

A

omohyoid | sternohyoid | thyrohyoid | sternothyroid

96
Q

What is a modiolus?

A

point where several muscles of lower face meet up

97
Q

Where is the modiolus located?

A

thick knot of tissue felt inside corner of lips

98
Q

What are the 4 muscles of respiration?

A

diaphragm | external / internal / innermost intercostals

99
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

100
Q

What innervates the 3 intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves

101
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

main mover of respiration | contracts to flatten to enlarge thoracic cavity in inspiration | relaxes to shrink thoracic cavity and expel air in expiration

102
Q

What is the function of external intercostals?

A

elevates ribs

103
Q

What is the function of internal and innermost intercostals?

A

depresses and retracts ribs

104
Q

What are the 2 flexors of the elbow?

A

anterior region = brachialis + biceps brachii

105
Q

What is the extensor of the elbow?

A

posterior region = triceps brachii

106
Q

What are the 2 muscles that supinate the forearm?

A

supinator | biceps brachii

107
Q

What are the 2 muscles that pronate the forearm?

A

pronator quadratus (quadratus = four-sided) | pronator teres (tere = round)

108
Q

What is the function of iliopsoas and where is it located?

A

iliacus and psoas major together = flexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip, balances trunk when sitting | anterior hip

109
Q

What is the erector spinae muscle?

A

straightens (erector) the spinal column (spinae)

110
Q

What is the function of multifidus muscle of vertebral column?

A

stabilize adjacent vertebrae | maintain posture + control of vertebra when erector spinae acts on vertebral column

111
Q

What are the 6 actions of gluteus maximus?

A

prime hip extensor, extends thigh at hip (stair climbing) | abducts thigh | elevates trunk from squatting | extends waist from bending forward | stabilizes trunk during walking/running | stabilize femur on tibia

112
Q

What is the function of sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

aids in deep breathing when head is fixed | flexes neck

113
Q

What is the function of pectoralis major?

A

flex/adducts/medially rotates humerus | aids in deep inspiration

114
Q

What is the function of latissimus dorsi?

A

adducts/medially rotates humerus | aids in deep inspiration (rowing)

115
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the hamstring?

A

biceps femoris = lateral short head + medial long head | semitendinosus | semimembranosus

116
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the quadricep femoris?

A

rectus (straight) femoris | vastus (large/extensive) lateralis | vastus medialis | vastus intermedius

117
Q

What is the function of the biceps femoris?

A

flex knee | elevates trunk from squatting | laterally rotates tibia on femur when flexed knee | laterally rotates femur when hip extended | counteracts forward bending at hips

118
Q

What is the function of the rectus femoris?

A

extends knee | flexes thigh at hip | flexes trunk on hip w/ fixed thigh

119
Q

Which part of the thigh is the hamstring located?

A

posterior flexor compartment of thigh

120
Q

Which part of the thigh is the quadriceps femoris located?

A

anterior extensor compartment of thigh

121
Q

What is the function of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis?

A

extends knee | stabilizes patella in groove of femur when knee moves

122
Q

What is the function of vastus intermedius?

A

extends knee

123
Q

What is the function of sartorius?

A

flexes knee and hip joints | abducts/laterally rotates thigh (ie: crossing legs)

124
Q

What is sartorius muscle?

A

sartor = tailor | longest muscle of body

125
Q

What is the function of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle?

A

(semi = half; tendinosus = tendinous) | (semi = half; membranosus = membranous) | flexes knee | medially rotates tibia when flexed knee | medially rotates femur when hip extended | counteracts forward bending at hip

126
Q

What is the superficial perineal space?

A

muscle region of pelvis between perineal membrane and skin

127
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the superficial perineal space?

A

Ischiocavernosus (ischio = ischium of the hip bone; cavernosus = corpus cavernosum of the penis or clitoris) | Bulbospongiosus (bulbo = bulb of the penis; spongiosus = corpus spongiosum of the penis) | superficial transverse perineal

128
Q

What is the action of the ischiocavernosus?

A

maintains erection of penis or clitoris by compressing deep structures of the organ and forcing blood towards the organ

129
Q

What is the action of the bulbospongiosus?

A

expels residual urine from urethra | erects penis/clitoris | expels semen in ejaculation | contracts to constrict vaginal orifice and expel secretions of greater vestibular glands

130
Q

What is the action of the superficial transverse perineal?

A

helps anchor perineal body

131
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

132
Q

What is the largest muscle in the body?

A

quadriceps femoris

133
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

prolonged repetitive motions of wrist and fingers can cause inflammation and swelling of carpal tunnel tissues

134
Q

What occurs in the hand that causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

pressure on median nerve of wrist –> nerve passes through carpal tunnel along with flexor tendons

135
Q

What are symptoms of carpal tunnel?

A

tingling | muscular weakness of palm/lateral hand | pain radiate to arm/shoulder

136
Q

What is the treatment for carpal tunnel?

A

anti-inflammatory drugs | immobilize wrist | surgically remove part/all of flexor retinaculum

137
Q

What is a “pulled hamstrings” injury?

A

strained hamstring muscles or partial tear in tendon attachment | caused by repetitive kicking or strenuous running | can have a hematoma

138
Q

What is a rotator cuff injury?

A

common injury | supraspinatus tendon damaged by strenuous circumduction, falls, and hard blows to the side

139
Q

What is a tennis elbow injury?

A

inflammation where the extensor carpi muscles attach to humeral lateral epicondyle | caused by rotary forearm movements when hand has a firm grip

140
Q

What is the treatment for most muscle injuries?

A

RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevate) | anti-inflammatory drugs

141
Q

What are the 5 adductors of the thigh?

A

adductor brevis | adductor longus | adductor magnus | gracilis | pectineus

142
Q

What is the function of the adductor brevis muscle? What group is it part of?

A

adducts thigh | medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh

143
Q

What is the function of the adductor longus muscle? What group is it part of?

A

adducts + medially rotates thigh | flexes thigh at hip || medial (adductor) compartment of thigh

144
Q

What is the function of the adductor magnus muscle? What group is it part of?

A

adducts + medially rotates thigh | extends thigh at hip || medial (adductor) compartment of thigh

145
Q

What is the function of the gracilis muscle? What group is it part of?

A

flexes + medially rotates tibia at knee | medial (adductor) compartment of thigh

146
Q

What is the function of the pectineus muscle? What group is it part of?

A

flexes + adducts thigh | medial (adductor) compartment of thigh

147
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the (lower) leg?

A

fibularis (peroneus) tertius | extensor digitorum longus | extensor hallucis (hallux) longus | tibialis anterior

148
Q

What is the function of the fibularis (peroneum) tertius?

A

dorsiflex/everts foot when walking | lifts toes off the ground when swinging leg

149
Q

What is the function of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

extends toes | dorsiflexes foot | tauts plantar aponeurosis (flat tendon)

150
Q

What is the function of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

extends great toe | dorsiflex foot

151
Q

What is the function of the tibialis anterior?

A

dorsiflex/inverts foot | resist body tipping backward | supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

152
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the (lower) leg?

A

gastrocnemius | soleus | plantaris

153
Q

What is triceps surae?

A

collective name for gastrocnemius + soleus = inserts into calcaneus via achilles (calcaneal) tendon = strongest tendon in body

154
Q

What is the function of gastrocnemius?

A

plantar flexes foot | flexes knee

155
Q

What is the function of the soleus?

A

plantar flexes foot | stabilizes leg on ankle when standing

156
Q

What is the function of the plantaris?

A

weak synergist of triceps surae

157
Q

Name and order the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep.

A

external oblique | internal oblique | transverse abdominal | rectus abdominis

158
Q

What are the 6 functions of the external oblique muscle of the abdominal wall.

A

supports abdominal viscera against gravity | stabilizes vertebral column during heavy lifting | maintains posture | compresses abdominal organs | aids in forced respiration | rotation at waist

159
Q

What is the function of the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall.

A

ipsilateral rotation of waist from unilateral contraction

160
Q

What are the 2 functions of the transverse muscles of the abdominal wall.

A

compresses abdominal organs | aids in vertebral column movement

161
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominis muscle of the abdominal wall.

A

flexes waist

162
Q

What encloses the rectus abdominis?

A

rectus sheet

163
Q

What causes a “six pack” appearance in abdominal muscles?

A

3 transverse tendinous intersections divide the rectus abdominis muscle into segments

164
Q

What are the 8 superficial muscles of the trunk (anterior and posterior)

A

[anterior] pectoralis major / serratus anterior / external oblique | [posterior] trapezius / infraspinatus / teres minor + major / latissimus dorsi

165
Q

What are the 12 superficial muscles of the trunk (anterior and posterior)

A

[anterior] subclavius / pectoralis minor / internal + external intercostals / internal oblique / transverse abdominal / rectus abdominis | [posterior] rhomboideus minor + major / erector spinae / serratus posterior inferior

Anatomy (8 decks)

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