Ch. 10 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is Blood
A
The only fluid tissue in the human body
2
Q
How much body weight is made up of blood
A
approximately 8%
3
Q
How many liters of blood are in Males
A
5-6 liters, or 6 quarts
4
Q
How many liters of blood are in Women
A
4-5 liters
5
Q
What tissue is blood classified as
A
Connective Tissue
6
Q
What percent of blood are living cells aka formed elements
A
45%
7
Q
What percent of blood are apart of the Nono-living cell matrix aka plasma
A
55%
8
Q
What color is Oxygen-rich blood
A
Scarlet Red
9
Q
What color is Oxygen-poor blood
A
Dull Red
10
Q
What must the pH of blood be
A
7.35-7.45 (basic)
11
Q
Is blood temperature slightly higher than body temperature
A
yes
12
Q
What is the average temperature of blood
A
38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F
13
Q
What is 90% of Blood Plasma composed of
A
Water
14
Q
What is included in the 100 dissolved substances in Blood Plasma
A
Nutrients Salts (metal ions) Respiratory gasses Hormones Proteins Waste Products
15
Q
What regulates the osmotic pressure of Plasma proteins
A
Albumin
16
Q
What does regulating osomtic pressure do
A
Keeps H2O in the Bloodstream
17
Q
What function does Clotting Proteins serve,
A
they help to stop blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
18
Q
What is the function of Antibodies
A
The help protect the body from pathogens
19
Q
What are Erythrocytes
A
Red Blood Cells
20
Q
What are Leukocytes
A
White Blood Cells
21
Q
What are Platelets
A
Cell fragments
22
Q
How many Erythrocytes are their per mm3 of blood
A
4-6 million
23
Q
What is the main function of Erythrocytes
A
To carry oxygen
24
Q
What is the Anatomy of circulatiing erythrocytes
A
Salmon-colored Biconcave disks
Bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Very few organelles
25
By how much do Erythrocytes (RBC's) outnumber Leukocytes (WBC's)
1000:1
26
What kind of protein is Hemoglobin (Hb)
Iron-containing
27
What does hemoglobin Bind to strongly but reversibly
oxygen and some CO2
28
How many oxygen binding sites are in Hemoglobin
4
29
How many hemoglobin molecules are in erythrocytes
250 million
30
how many G's of Hemoglobin are in every 100 mL of blood for men
13-18 g
31
how many G's of hemoglobin are in every 100 mL of blood for women
12-16g
32
I oxygen used to trasport oxygen
No
33
What is the effect of Anemia
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood
34
What is Anemia caused by:
Low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin (Hb) count
35
What is Sickle-cell anemia
genetic defect of RBC's
36
What causes the body to work overtime transporting oxygen, which causes red blood cells to sickle
Deficient amounts of Hb
37
What do Leukocytes do for the body
They defend the body against disease
38
What are Leukocytes (WBC's)
Completed cells, with a nucleus and organelles
39
What are Leukocytes Capable of
Diapedesis
40
What does diapedesis mean
they are able to move into and out of blood vessels
41
In what way are Leukocytes capable of moving
by ameboid motion
42
What do Leukocytes respond to
Chemicals released by damaged tissues
43
What are the normal levels of Leukocytes in the blood
4,000-11,000 cells per mm3 of blood
44
What is Leukocytosis
When leukocyte levels are Above 11,000 cells in the blood
45
What does Leukocytosis mean
an infection
46
What is Leukopenia
Abnormally low leukocyte levels
47
What causes Leukopenia
certain drugs
48
What are the types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
| Argranulocytes
49
What are the types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
50
What are types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
51
What is a characteristic of a Granulocyte
Granules in their cytoplasma can be stained
52
What is a characteristic of a Agranolocytes
They lack visible cytoplasmic granules
53
What is the characteristic of Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus withfine granules
54
What is the function of Neutrophils
They act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
55
What is the characteristic of Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
56
What is the function of Eosinophils
they respond to allergies and parasitic worms
57
What is a characteristic of Basophils
Histamine- containing granules
58
What is the function of Basophils
To initiate inflammation
59
What is a characteristic of Lymphocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
60
What is the function of Lymphocytes
they play an important role in the immune response
61
What is a characteristic of Monocytes
they are the Largest of White Blood Cells
62
Where are Platelets from
Ruptured multinucleate cells called magakaryocytes
63
What are Platelets needed for
the Clotting process
64
What is the normal Platelet count in the blood
250,000-500,000 per mm3 of blood
65
What is the Function of Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
66
Where does Hematopoiesis occur
Red bone marrow
67
What common stem are all blood cells derived from
Hemocytoblast
68
How do Hemocytoblast differentiat
Lymphoid stem cell and Myeloid stem cell
69
What do Lymphoid stem cells produce
Lymphocytes
70
What do Myeloid stem cells produce
other formed elements
71
What are the early sites of blood formation
Fetal liver and Spleen
72
By the seventh month what takes over hematopoiesis
Bone Marrow
73
What are Erythrocytes unable to do
Divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
74
When do Erythrocytes wear out
in 100 to 120 days
75
What happens to Erythrocytes when they are worn out
they are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
76
What happens to the lost Erythrocytes
they are replaced by by divisions of the hemocytoblasts
77
What is erythrocyte Production rate controlled by
Hormone Erythropoietin
78
In response to what do Kidneys produce most erythropoietin
Reduced oxygen levels in the blood
79
What is homeostasis maintained by
negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
80
What is the effect of Hemostasis
Stoppage of blood flow
81
What is the result of Hemostasis
a break in a blood vessel
82
What are the three phases of Hemostasis
1. Platelet plug formation
2. Vascular spasms
3. Coagulation
83
What is the formation process for a platelet plug
1. Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in the blood vessel
2. Platelets become "sticky" and cling to fibers
3. Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
4. Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
84
What is the process of an Vascular Spasms
1. Anchored platelets release serotonin
2. Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm
3. Spasm narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
85
What is the process of Coagulation
1. Injured tissues release thromboplatin
2. PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcim ions to trigger clotting cascade
3. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
4. Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin
5. Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
86
How fast does blood usually clot
in 3 to 6 minutes
87
What regenerates as the clot remains
endothelium
88
What happens to the clot after tissue repair
its broken down
89
What are examples of Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus
| Embolus
90
Whats a Thrombus
a clot in an unbroken blood vessel
91
In what areas is Thrombus deadly at
areas like the heart
92
Whats a Embolus
a thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
93
What can Embolus's do
clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
94
What are two types of Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia and Hemophilia
95
What is Thrombocytopenia
a Platelet Deficiency
96
What can cause bleeding when someone has Thrombocytopenia
Normal Movements can casue bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
97
What is Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder, carried on X chromosomes
98
What factors are missing in Hemophilia
Normal clotting factors
99
What happens after 15-30 percent of blood is lost
you feel weak
100
What happens when more than 30 percent of blood is lost
the body goes into shock which can be fatal
101
Whats the only way to replace blood quickly
Blood Transfusions
102
What does blood contain
Genetically determined proteins
103
What may a foreign protein (antigen) attacked by
The immune system
104
How is blood typed
by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (aglutination)
105
How many common red blood cell antigens are their
over 30
106
What are vigorous transfusions reactions caused by
ABO and Rh blood group antigens
107
What are the blood types antigens
Type A
| Type B
108
What is the blood type when antigens A and B are missing
Type O
109
What blood type is it when both Type A and Type B are present
Type AB
110
What are Genes A an B
dominant alleles that are represented with the corresponding letter
111
What is gene O
a recessive allele and is written with an i
112
Where were the Rh blood groups originally found
in the Rhesus monkey
113
What are the blood types antigens
Type A
| Type B
114
What is the blood type when antigens A and B are missing
Type O
115
What blood type is it when both Type A and Type B are present
Type AB
116
What are Genes A an B
dominant alleles that are represented with the corresponding letter
117
What is gene O
a recessive allele and is written with an i
118
Where were the Rh blood groups originally found
in the Rhesus monkey
119
What are most Americans
Rh+
120
Problems can occur when mixing___blood into a body with ____blood
Rh+; Rh-
121
What is done in blood typing
Blood samples are mixed with ant-A serum, anti-B serum, and anti-D serum
122
What are most Americans
Rh+
123
Problems can occur when mixing___blood into a body with ____blood
Rh+; Rh-
124
What is done in blood typing
Blood samples are mixed with ant-A serum, anti-B serum, and anti-D serum
