Ch. 10 Flashcards
(34 cards)
Numeric dose limits based on risks.
Effective Dose Limiting System (EfD)
–1– and –2– are resources for revised recommendations.
1) NCRP Report # 116 (main)
2) ICRP Report #60
NCRP–1– –2– –3–
1) ICRP
2) UNSCEAR
3) NAS/NRC-BEIR
U.S. enforcement agency that reviews suggestions from ICRP and makes recommendations and publishes reports to notify organizations and public about issues dealing with radiation protection, measurements, and units.
NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements)
International authority that gathers information from UNSCEAR and NAS/NRC-BEIR and makes suggestions to NCRP regarding occupational and public dose limits.
ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection)
Evaluates human and environmental radiation exposure and derives risk assessments and then makes suggestions to ICRP.
UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation)
Reviews studies of biological effects and risk assessment and makes suggestions to ICRP. BEIR V report in 1990 supersedes previous reports studying effects of accidental exposure.
NAS/NRC-BEIR (National Academy of Science/National Research Council Committee on Biological Effect of Ionizing Radiation)
Oversees nuclear industry; makes UNANNOUNCED visits Nuclear Medicine Departments.
NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
NRC assumes responsibility for enforcing radiation protection regulations (Majority of states)
Agreement States
State and NRC assume responsibility for enforcing radiation protection regulations AND states can legislate their own regulations.
Non-Agreement States
WV is a Non-Agreement State
–1– = Develops and enforces regulations controlling radiation in the environment. Has authority over –2–. Action Level above –3–. Estimates that –4– of U.S. homes exceeds this limit.
1) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
2) RADON
3) 4 Picocuries/Liter (pCi/L) of Air
4) 10%
Regulates design and manufacture of electrical products and diagnostic x-ray equipment.
FDA ( U.S. Food and Drug Administration)
Responsible for workplace safety.
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
Facilities are required to have a –1– (RSO) usually a radiologist or physicist
Radiation Safety Program
To protect public from unnecessary radiation exposure from electronic products.
A. = required 8/1/74-1994
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968
A) PBL (Positive Beam Limitation/Automatic Collimation)
ALARA- As Low As Reasonably Achievable= ?
1954
Established minimum Standards of Accreditation for education radiography program (JRCERT)
Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981
Somatic effects directly related to dos received-typically only after LARGE doses. Typically following a Non-Linear, Threshold Curve.
Early=?
Late=?
Nonstochastic (Deterministic) Effects
Early effects= Erythema, Epilation
Late effecsts= Cataracts, Decreased Fertility
200 Rads (2 Gy)+
Non-Threshold, random somatic effects; ex: Cancer, Genetic Alterations. Tend to be ALL OR NONE Response.
A. Increased Dose= ?
Stochastic (Probablistic) Effects
A. Increase occurrence of effects BUT severity NOT related.
Estimating lower exposure response based on known upper response.
Current philosophy based on ASSUMPTION of LINEAR, NON-THRESHOLD Curve (Extrapolation)
Probability of injury, ailment, or death from an activity.
Risk
Age in years X 1 Rem (10 mSv)
Cumulative Dose
Annual Occupational EfD
5 Rem (50 mSv)
Pregnant Radiation Worker
Monthly can’t exceed 0.05 Rem (0.5 mSv)
Entire dose can’t exceed 0.5 Rem (5 mSv)
