Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Earth 201 > Ch 10: Crustal Deformation > Flashcards

Ch 10: Crustal Deformation Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Anticline

A

A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bar

A

Common term for sand and gravel deposits in a stream channel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Basin

A

A circular downfolded structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bed

A

See Strata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brittle deformation

A

Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. Associated with rocks near the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cementation

A

One way in which sedimentary rocks are lithified. As material precipitates from water that percolates through the sediment, open spaces are filled and particles are joined into a solid mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical bond

A

A strong attractive force that exists between atoms in a substance. It involves the transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cleavage

A

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compressional stress

A

Differential stress that shortens a rock body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Confining pressure

A

Stress that is applied uniformly in all directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Creep

A

The slow downhill movement of soil and regolith.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Crust

A

The very thin, outermost layer of Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Crystalline

A

See Crystal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deformation

A

General term for the processes of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Detachment fault

A

A nearly horizontal fault that may extend for hundreds of kilometers below the surface. Such a fault represents a boundary between rocks that exhibit ductile deformation and rocks that exhibit brittle deformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differential stress

A

Forces that are unequal in different directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Differential weathering

A

The variation in the rate and degree of weathering caused by such factors as mineral makeup, degree of jointing, and climate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dip

A

The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal. The direction of dip is at a right angle to the strike.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dip-slip fault

A

A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dome

A

A roughly circular upfolded structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ductile deformation

A

A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Earthquake

A

Vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Elastic deformation

A

Rock deformation in which the rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fault

A

A break in a rock mass along which movement has occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Fault scarp
A cliff created by movement along a fault. It represents the exposed surface of the fault prior to modification by weathering and erosion.
26
Fault-block mountain
A mountain that is formed by the displacement of rock along a fault.
27
Flow
A type of movement common to mass-wasting processes in which water-saturated material moves downslope as a viscous fluid.
28
Focus (earthquake)
The zone within Earth where rock displacement produces an earthquake.
29
Fold
A bent layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed.
30
Foliation
A term for a linear arrangement of textural features often exhibited by metamorphic rocks.
31
Footwall block
The rock surface below a fault.
32
Fracture
Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place.
33
Geologic map
Graphic depiction of an area of geologic study, with labels and annotations.
34
Geologic structure
See Rock structure
35
Glacier
A thick mass of ice originating on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow that shows evidence of past or present flow.
36
Graben
A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded block.
37
Half graben
A tilted fault block in which the higher side is associated with mountainous topography and the lower side is a basin that fills with sediment.
38
Hanging wall block
The rock surface immediately above a fault.
39
Hogback
A narrow, sharp-crested ridge formed by the upturned edge of a steeply dipping bed of resistant rock.
40
Horst
An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults.
41
Intensity (earthquake)
A measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale, based on the amount of damage.
42
Joint
A fracture in rock along which there has been no movement.
43
Klippe
A remnant or an outlier of a thrust sheet that was isolated by erosion.
44
Magnitude (earthquake)
An estimate of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake, based on seismic records.
45
Megathrust fault
The plate boundary separating a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere and the overlying plate.
46
Mineral
A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical structure.
47
Monocline
A one-limbed flexure in strata. The strata are usually flat-lying or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline.
48
Normal fault
A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below.
49
Oblique slip fault
A fault that exhibits both dip-slip and strike-slip movement.
50
Outcrop
Sites where bedrock is exposed at the surface.
51
Plate
See Lithospheric plate.
52
Reverse fault
A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below.
53
Rock
A consolidated mixture of minerals.
54
Rock cleavage
The tendency of rocks to split along parallel, closely spaced surfaces. These surfaces are often highly inclined to the bedding planes in the rock.
55
Rock structure
All features created by the processes of deformation from minor fractures in bedrock to a major mountain chain.
56
Sandstone
An abundant, durable sedimentary rock primarily composed of sand-size grains.
57
Sedimentary rock
Rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified.
58
Seismic reflection profile
A method of viewing the rock structure beneath a blanket of sediment by using strong, low-frequency sound waves that penetrate the sediments and reflect off the contacts between rock layers and fault zones.
59
Shale
The most common sedimentary rock, consisting of silt- and clay-size particles.
60
Shear
Stress that causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide past one another.
61
Sheeting
A mechanical weathering process that is characterized by the splitting off of slablike sheets of rock.
62
Slide
A movement common to mass-wasting processes in which the material moving downslope remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface.
63
Strain
An irreversible change in the shape and size of a rock body caused by stress.
64
Strata
Parallel layers of sedimentary rock.
65
Stress
The force per unit area acting on any surface within a solid.
66
Strike
The compass direction of the line of intersection created by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. A strike is always perpendicular to the direction of dip.
67
Strike-slip fault
A fault along which movement occurs horizontally.
68
Syncline
A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline.
69
Tectonics
The study of the large-scale processes that collectively deform Earth’s crust.
70
Tensional stress
The type of stress that tends to pull a body apart.
71
Thrust fault
A low-angle reverse fault.
72
Transform fault
A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates.

Earth 201 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions