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Bio Ch 46 Animal reproduction > Ch 10 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

The ______________ is the fluid outside the thylakoid and it contains DNA, Ribosomes and several enzymes

A

Stroma

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2
Q

The light reactions also generates ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called_____________

A

Photophosphorylaation

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3
Q

______________ _________________ is a technique used by medical doctors to rule out antibiotic resistant, as gram negative bacteria.

A

Gram staining

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4
Q

A _______________is composed of a reaction center complex surrounded by several light harvesting complexes.

A

Photosystem

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5
Q

_______________ are the principal agents in bioremediation, a process that uses organisms to remove pollutants from the soil, air or water

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Many protists are important ________________, organisms that use energy from light to convert CO2 to organic compounds.

A

producers

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7
Q

__________ is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis

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8
Q

Autotrophs

A

sustain themselves without eatinganything derived from other organisms.

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9
Q

_____________ are the producers of the biospehere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules.

A

Autotrophs

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10
Q

almost all plants are ____________, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules

A

photautotrophs

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11
Q

________________ obtain their organic material from other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

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12
Q

Heterotrophs are the ______ of the biosphere

A

consumers

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13
Q

Almost all_________, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2

A

heterotrophs

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14
Q

What is the site of photosynthesis in plants?

A

Chloroplasts in the leaves

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15
Q

How do plants get their green color?

A

Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts

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16
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Chloroplasts are mainly found in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf

-each mesophyll cell contains 30-40 chloroplasts

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17
Q

Photosynthesis can be summarized in what equation?

A

6CO2+12H2O+light energy————C6H12O6

6O2+6H2O

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18
Q

What does chloroplasts split water into and what doe is realease?

A
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19
Q

What is meant by photosynthesis being a redox reaction?

A

a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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20
Q

Photosynthesis is an ________process; the energy boost is provided by light

A

endorgonic

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21
Q

Photosynthesis consists of the _________(the photo part) and ________(the synthesis part)

A

Light reaction

Calvin Cycle

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22
Q

Where does the light reaction take place?

A

The Thylakoid

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23
Q

What are the steps for the light reaction?

A
  • Split H2O
  • Release O2
  • Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
  • Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
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24
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

A

The Stroma

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25
What happens in the calvin cycle?
- forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH - The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are solar-powered chemical factories Their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
Chloroplasts Thylakoids
27
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Electromagnetic radiation
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are substances that absorb visible light
pigments
29
Why do leaves appear green?
Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light
30
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths
Spectrophotometer
31
An __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
Absorption spectrum
32
The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that what two colors of light work best for photosynthesis?
violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis
33
An _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process
Action spectrum
34
When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_to an excited state, which is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ground state Unstable
35
When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
flourescence
36
If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
light and heat
37
A photosystem consists of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(a type of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
Reaction Complex center
38
The\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center
39
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in the reaction center accepts excited electron and is reduced as a result
Primary electron acceptor
40
What is the first step of a light reaction?
Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Photosystem II P680
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
Photosystem I
43
During the light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flowwhat are they?
Cyclic and linear
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-, the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
Linear elcetron flow
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH
Cyclic electron flow
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle
Cyclic electron flow
47
Which electron flow was thought to have evolved first?
Cyclic electron flow is thought to have evolved before linear electron flow
48
Which cycle is thought to be used for protection of light?
Cyclic electron flow may protect cells from light-induced damage
49
Chloroplasts and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ generate ATP by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but use different sources of energy
Mitochondria Chemiosmosis
50
How do mitochodria and chloropasts differ in ATP production?
Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP
51
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to, what do they drive and where do they diffuse back to?
In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix
52
In Chloroplast where do protons get pumped to, what do they drive and where do they diffuse back to?
In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma
53
ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_takes place
Stroma Calvin cycle
54
light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
H2O NADPH
55
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of electrons carried by NADPH
Calvin cycle Reducing power
56
Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
57
For net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ times, fixing 3 molecules of\_\_\_\_\_\_
Three CO2
58
The Calvin cycle has what three phases?
Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) Reduction Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
59
The closing of stomata reduces access to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_and causes\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_to build up These conditions favor an apparently wasteful process called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CO2 O2 photorespiration
60
What happens in C3 plants?
- initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate) - In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound - Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar
61
Why might photorespiration be an evolutionary relic?
because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ limits damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle
Photorespiration
63
How do C4 plants work?
- minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells - This step requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase - PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low - These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
64
Some plants, including succulents, use \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (CAM) to fix carbon
Crassulacean Acid metabolism
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plants open their stomata at night, incorporating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into organic acids Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CAM CO2 Calvin cycle
66

Bio Ch 46 Animal reproduction (5 decks)

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