Ch. 10: Social Thinking

Question 1

interpersonal attraction

Answer 1

phenomenon of individuals liking each other

Question 2

self-disclosure

Answer 2

component of attraction

revealing personal facts/thoughts/fears/goals and being met with nonjudgemental empathy

must be reciprocal

Question 3

reciprocal liking

Answer 3

component of attraction

people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

Question 4

proximity

Answer 4

people are attracted to those close to them

same dorm, same company, same neighborhood

Question 5

mere exposure effect

Answer 5

familiarity effect

people prefer (are attracted to) stimuli they have been exposed to more frequently

Question 6

what is the purpose of aggression

Answer 6

protection from perceived and real threats

Question 7

role of amygdala in attraction/aggression

Answer 7

associates stimuli and corresponding rewards or punishment

Question 8

what does the cognitive neoassociation model state

Answer 8

we are more likely to respond aggressively towards others when we are feeling negative emotions (hungry, frustrated, tired, in pain)

Question 9

who forms attachment

Answer 9

emotional bond between caregiver and child

Question 10

when does secure attachment occur

Answer 10

WHEN CAREGIVER...
- is consistent
- provides stable, secure home
SHOWS...
- distress when caregiver leaves, comfort when caregiver returns
COMFORTED...
- by strangers, but MOST comforted by caregiver
*vital to social development*

Question 11

when does avoidant attachment occur

Answer 11

WHEN CAREGIVER...
- shows no response to child's distress
SHOWS...
- no distress when caregiver leaves, no comfort when caregiver returns
COMFORTED...
- equally by strangers and caregiver

Question 12

when does ambivalent attachment occur

Answer 12

WHEN CAREGIVER...
- inconsistently responds to distress
- provides unreliable home
SHOWS...
- distress when caregiver leaves, mixed response when caregiver returns
*anxious about reliability of caregiver*

Question 13

when does disorganized attachment occur

Answer 13

WHEN CAREGIVER…
- shows erratic behavior and social withdrawl
SHOWS…
- no clear pattern of behavior to absence or presence
red flag for abuse

Question 14

what is social support

Answer 14

perception or reality that one is cared for by their social network

Question 15

emotional support

Answer 15

supporting others in your social network by listening, affirming, empathizing with someone’s feelings

Question 16

esteem support

Answer 16

supporting others through affirming qualities and skills

similar to emotional support, but emphasis is on the affirmations

Question 17

material support

Answer 17

supporting others though financial and material support

ex: meals or financial donations

Question 18

informational support

Answer 18

supporting others by providing helpful information

Question 19

network support

Answer 19

supporting others by conveying a sense of belonging

gestures, group hugs, shared experiences

Question 20

what is foraging

Answer 20

seeking out and eating food, driven by biological, psychological, and social influences

Question 21

what is a mating system

Answer 21

organization of a group’s sexual behavior

ex: monogamy, polygamy, promiscuity (no exclusivity)

Question 22

what is mate choice

Answer 22

selection of a mate based on attraction
direct bias - advantage to mate
indirect bias - advantage to offspring

Question 23

what are phenotypic benefits

Answer 23

observable traits that increase attraction; increased production and survival of offspring

Question 24

what is sensory bias

Answer 24

development of a trait that matches preferences within the population

Question 25

what his fisherman/runaway selection

Answer 25

positive feedback mechanism on a trait, causing it to become more exaggerated over time

Question 26

what are indication traits

Answer 26

traits signifying good health and well-being

Question 27

what is genetic compatibility

Answer 27

creation of mate pairs that form complementary genetics, reducing recessive genetic disorders

Question 28

what is altruism

Answer 28

helping another at the cost of yourself

Question 29

what is the empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 29

an individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other, regardless of the cost

Question 30

what does game theory explain

Answer 30

decision making behavior

Question 31

four alternatives to evolutionary stable strategy

Answer 31

altruism - donor provides benefit to recipient at cost of herself cooperation - donor and recipient benefit spite - donor and recipient negatively impacted selfishness - donor benefits, recipient negatively impacted

Question 32

what does inclusive fitness suggest

Answer 32

altruism can improve fitness and success of species as a whole

Question 33

what is social perception

Answer 33

social cognition tools to make judgments and impressions about others

Question 34

what are the components of social perception

Answer 34

perceiver - is influenced target - person about which perception is made situation - the context

Question 35

what occurs d/t the primacy effect

Answer 35

first impressions carry more weight than subsequent impression in shaping social perceptions

Question 36

what occurs d/t the primary effect

Answer 36

the most recent impression carries the most weight in shaping social perceptions

Question 37

what occurs d/t the halo effect

Answer 37

general impressions (whether good or bad) shape more specific evaluations about a person I like her = she is a good mother

Question 38

what occurs d/t the just-world hypothesis

Answer 38

good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people *VICTIM BLAMING*

Question 39

what occurs d/t the self-serving bias

Answer 39

when it comes to self ``` success = internal factors failure = external factors ```

Question 40

what does self-enhancement emphasize

Answer 40

need for internal self-worth this can be accomplished through self serving bias

Question 41

what is the focus of attribution theory

Answer 41

tendency to infer why others behave the way they do

Question 42

what are the causes of attribution

Answer 42

dispositional (internal) - personal traits of who is being evaluated situational (external) - social context of the evaluation

Question 43

what are consistency cues

Answer 43

consistent behavior of a person over time regular behavior implies motives

Question 44

what are consensus cues

Answer 44

extent to which a persons deviates from socially expected behavior --> high deviation = dispositional attribution

Question 45

what are distinctiveness cues

Answer 45

extent to which a person varies behavior across situations --> high variation = situational attribution

Question 46

what occurs d/t fundamental attribution error

Answer 46

bias towards dispositional attribution, especially in negative contexts

Question 47

what occurs d/t attribute substitution

Answer 47

individuals substitute simple solutions and heuristic when they are faced with complex judgments

Question 48

when does stereotyping occur

Answer 48

attitudes and impressions form from superficial information

Question 49

how does the stereotype content model classify stereotypes

Answer 49

warmth - not in direct competition with in-group for resources competent - high status in society

Question 50

what are paternalistic stereotypes

Answer 50

low status + not competitive looked down upon as inferior; housewives, elderly, disabled

Question 51

what are contemptuous stereotypes

Answer 51

low status + competitive looked down on with anger and annoyance; welfare recipients, poor people

Question 52

what are admiration stereotypes

Answer 52

high status + not competitive pride and positive feelings; in group and close allies

Question 53

what are envious stereotypes

Answer 53

high status + high competitive jealousy and bitterness; feminists and rich people

Question 54

what is a self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 54

stereotypes create expectations/situations that individuals inadvertently live into, ultimately confirming stereotypes

Question 55

what is stereotype threat

Answer 55

anxiety over confirming a negative stereotype about one's group, possibly resulting in worse performance or avoidance over performance

Question 56

what is prejudice

Answer 56

irrational attitude towards a group (whether positive or negative) d/t ACTUAL experiences

Question 57

what is the effect of ethnocentrism

Answer 57

believing your culture/community is the best shapes how you view and judge other cultures/communities

Question 58

what is the effect of cultural relativism

Answer 58

viewing other cultures as DIFFERENT, not better or worse

Question 59

what is discrimination

Answer 59

an action, whether individual or institutional, based on prejudice that affects one group