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Elements Of Weather > Ch 11 & 12 & 13 > Flashcards

Ch 11 & 12 & 13 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Tropical Cyclone

A

warm-core non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone, originating over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and a closed surface wind circulation about a well-defined center

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2
Q

How is Topical Cyclone Maintained?

A

extraction of heat energy from the ocean at high temperature and heat export at the low temperatures of the upper troposphere

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3
Q

Tropical Depression

A

topical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed is 38 mph or less

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4
Q

Tropical Storm

A

tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed ranges from 39 mph to 73 mph

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5
Q

Hurricane

A

tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind is 74 mph or more

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6
Q

Hurricanes Cylones and Typhoones are all

A

the same weather phenomenon only difference is the location where the storm occurs

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7
Q

Hurricanes, Cylones, and Typhoons are all

A

the same weather phenomenon only difference is the location where the storm occurs

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8
Q

Atlantic and Northeast Pacific

A

“hurricane”

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9
Q

Northwest Pacific

A

“Typhoon”

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10
Q

South Pacific and Indian Ocean

A

“Cyclones”

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11
Q

The Eye

A

hurricane’s center is relatively calm, generally clear area of sinking air and light winds that usually do not exceed 15 mph and is typically 20-40 miles across
-develops when winds exceed 74 mph and is the calmest part of the storm

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12
Q

The EyeWall

A
  • where the strong wind gets as close as it can
  • consists of a ring of tall thunderstorms that produce heavy rains and usually the strongest winds
  • changes in the structure of the eye and the eyewall can cause changes in the wind speed, which is an indicator of the storm’s intensity
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13
Q

Rainbands

A

curved bands of clouds ad thunderstorms that trail away from the eye wall in a spiral fashion
bands are capable of producing heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well as tornadoes
there are sometimes gaps in between spiral and rain bands where no rain or wind is found

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14
Q

Rainbands

A

curved bands of clouds ad thunderstorms that trail away from the eye wall in a spiral fashion
bands are capable of producing heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well as tornadoes
there are sometimes gaps in between spiral and rain bands where no rain or wind is found

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15
Q

Hurricane Formation

A

1) warm water
2) moist air
3) converging winds

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16
Q

Process of Hurricane

A
  • begins with cluster of thunderstorms moving across the surface of the ocean
  • when the surface water is warm, the storm sucks up heat energy from the water
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17
Q

Process of Hurricane

A
  • begins with cluster of thunderstorms moving across the surface of the ocean
  • when the surface water is warm, the storm sucks up heat energy from the water
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18
Q

Hurricane Decay

A

when. .
- move over ocean waters that cannot supply warm, moist tropical air
- move onto land
- reach a location where the large-scale flow aloft is unfavorable

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19
Q

Names of tropical storms

A

maintained and updated through a strict procedure by an international committee of the World Meteorological Organization

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20
Q

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS)

A

classifies hurricanes-Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms- into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds

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21
Q

Storm Surge

A

rapid rise in the elvel of water that moves onto land as the eye of the storm makes landfall;; the stronger the hurricane, the greater the storm urge

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22
Q

Wind Damage

A

winds of a hurricane range from 74 mph in a minimal storm to greater than 155 mph in a catastrophic one;; accurate readings of high wind gusts during landfall are difficult to obtain because anemometers at reporting stations can be ripped from their foundations

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23
Q

Wind Damage

A

winds of a hurricane range from 74 mph in a minimal storm to greater than 155 mph in a catastrophic one;; accurate readings of high wind gusts during landfall are difficult to obtain because anemometers at reporting stations can be ripped from their foundations

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24
Q

heavy Rainfall Induced Flooding

A

heavy rains associated with a tropical weather system are responsible not only for major flooding in areas where the storm initially strikes, but also can affect areas hundred of miles from where the storm originally made landfall

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25
Storm Surge
rapid rise in the level of water that moves onto land as the eye of the storm makes landfall;; the stronger the hurricane, the greater the storm urge - -greatest threat to life and property from a hurricane - -can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas
26
Wind Damage
winds of a hurricane range from 74 mph in a minimal storm to greater than 155 mph in a catastrophic one;; accurate readings of high wind gusts during landfall are difficult to obtain because anemometers at reporting stations can be ripped from their foundations --
27
heavy Rainfall Induced Flooding
heavy rains associated with a tropical weather system are responsible not only for major flooding in areas where the storm initially strikes, but also can affect areas hundred of miles from where the storm originally made landfall
28
factors impacting surge
water pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds moving cyclonically around the storm the impact on surge of the low pressure associated with intense storms is minimal in comparisons to the water being forced toward the shore by the wind
29
Estimating the Intensity of a hurricane
difficult because direct surface observations in the eye wall are rarely available;; one of the best ways to estimate surface intensity if to adjust the wind speeds measured by reconnaissance aircraft
30
Global Positioning System (GPS) dropwindsonde
instrument package is released from an aircraft and falls through the storm via a parachute making and transmitting measurements of temperature, pressure, winds, and humidity every half-second
31
Numerical Weather Prediction
forecasting by computer
32
why don't hurricanes develop on or near the equator?
because the Coriolis force is to weak within 5 degrees of the equator
33
What is the primary source of energy that fuels a hurricane and keeps it going?
heat energy fuels storm
34
why is the eye region of a hurricane largely free of precipitation and clouds?
sinking air motion
35
The ___ scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS)
36
As a strong hurricane moves ashore, which of the following causes the most devastating damage in the coastal zone?
Storm Surge
37
Which of the following data is not plotted n a weather chart?
? Solar radiation
38
Smoke released from a stack into a very stable air mass would tend to
spread out horizontally but not mix up or down
39
The dispersion of pollutant material into the atmosphere depends on the wind and the ____ of the air layer
stability
40
Air pullutants
airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations that endanger the health and well-being of organisms or disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment
41
Primary pullutants
emitted directly from identifiable sources | -particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and lead
42
Secondary pollutants
produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants
43
Secondary pollutants
produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants
44
Two of the most important atmospheric conditions affecting the dispersion of the pollutants are
strength of the wind; stability of the air
45
The strength of the wind
strong winds blow the pollution away; the stronger the wind, the more turbulent the air, and the better the mixing of the contaminants with the wind
46
The stability of the air
atmospheric stability determines the extent to which vertical motions will mix the pollution with the air above (most pollution occurs at the surface)
47
Mixing depth
vertical distance between Earth's surface and the height to which convectional movements extend > mixing depth better the air quality
48
When air is stable
convectional motions are suppressed and mixing depths are small
49
Unstable atmosphere promotes
vertical air movements and greater mixing depths
50
Absolute stability
environmental lapse rate
51
Absolute stability
environmental lapse rate
52
Absolute instability
environmental lapse rate> dry adiabatic rate
53
Neutral stability
environmental lapse rate=dry-adiabatic lapse rate
54
Conditional instability
moist air has an environmental lapse rate between the dry and wet adiabatic rates
55
5 classic plume types
- looping plume - coning plume - fanning plume - lofting - fumigation
56
Looping plume
- high degree of convective turbulence - superadiabatic lapse rate--strong instabilities - associated with clear daytime conditions accompanied by strong solar heating & light winds - high probability of high concentrations sporadically at ground level close to stack - occurs in unstable atmospheric conditions
57
Coning Plume
- stable with small scale turbulence - associated with overcast moderate to strong winds - roughly 10 degree cone - pollutants travel fairly long distances before reaching ground level in significant amounts - occurs in neutral atmospheric conditions
58
Fanning plume
- occurs under large negative lapse rate - strong inversion at a considerable distance above the stack - extremely stable atmosphere - little turbulence - if plume density is similar to air, travels downwind at approximately same elevation
59
Lofting Plume
- favorable in the sense that fewer impacts at ground level - pollutants go up into environment - they are created when atmospheric conditions are unstable above the plume and stable below
60
Fumigation
- most dangerous plume: contaminants are all coming down to ground level - they are created when atmospheric conditions are stable above the plume and unstable below - this happens most often after the daylight sun has warmed the atmosphere, which turns a night time fanning plume into fumigation for about a half hour

Elements Of Weather (6 decks)

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