Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Question 1

The master controlling and communicating system of the body

Answer 1

Nervous system

Question 2

Gathered information from sensory nerves

Answer 2

Sensory input

Question 3

The interpretation of sensory input and decision on what should be done at each moment

Answer 3

Integration

Question 4

A response carried out by the muscles and glanes

Answer 4

Motor output

Question 5

Consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the integrating and control center of the nervous system. It interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experience

Answer 5

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 6

The part of the nervous system that is outside the CNS and consists mainly of nerves and ganglia

Answer 6

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 7

A division of the PNS that consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body

Answer 7

Sensory (afferent division)

Question 8

Fibers that convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

Answer 8

Somatic sensory fibers

Question 9

Fibers that transmit impulses from the visceral organs

Answer 9

Visceral sensory fibers

Question 10

A division of the PNS that transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs, which are the muscles and glands

Answer 10

Motor (efferent division)

Question 11

A further division of the motor division that is composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

Answer 11

Somatic nervous system (voluntary nervous system)

Question 12

A further division of the motor division that consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

Answer 12

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system)

Question 13

Supporting cells that surround and wrap the more delicate neurons

Answer 13

Neuroglia

Question 14

Nerve cells that are excitable and transmit electrical signals

Answer 14

Neurons

Question 15

Smaller cells that support and maintain neurons

Answer 15

Neuroglia

Question 16

A type of PNS neuroglia that surrounds neuron cell bodies

Answer 16

Satellite cells

Question 17

A type of PNS neuroglia that surround all nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths around the thicker nerve fibers

Answer 17

Schwann cells

Question 18

Bundles of intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining cell shape and integrity

Answer 18

Neurofibrils

Question 19

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

Answer 19

Nuclei

Question 20

Clusters of cell bodies that lie along the nerves in the PNS

Answer 20

Ganglia

Question 21

Bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

Answer 21

Tracts

Question 22

Bundles of neuron processes in the PNS

Answer 22

Nerves

Question 23

Short, tapering, diffusely branching extensions of motor neurons that convey incoming messages toward the cell body

Answer 23

Dendrites

Question 24

Long part of a neuron that can vary in length and generates nerve impulses and transmits them away from the cell body along the plasma membrane

Answer 24

Axon

Question 25

Cone-shaped part of neuron where the axon arises from

Answer 25

Axon hillock

Question 26

Occasional branches extending from the length of the axon

Answer 26

Axon collaterals

Question 27

Branches at the end of the axon that contain distal endings

Answer 27

Terminal branches and Axon Terminals

Question 28

Movement away from the cell body

Answer 28

Anterograde movement

Question 29

Movement towards the cell body

Answer 29

Retrograde movement

Question 30

A whitish, fatty, segmented substance that surrounds a nerve fiber (long axon). It protects and electrically insulates the fibers and increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses

Answer 30

Myelin sheath

Question 31

Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at regular intervals along a myelinated axon

Answer 31

Myelin sheath gaps or nodes of Ranvier

Question 32

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers

Answer 32

White matter

Question 33

Regions that contain mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

Answer 33

Gray matter

Question 34

A type of neuron that has 3 or more process, makes up 99% of neurons and are either interneurons or motor neurons

Answer 34

Multipolar neurons

Question 35

A type of neuron that has 2 processes, usually sensory neurons, and are rare; only found in some organs

Answer 35

Bipolar neurons

Question 36

A type of neuron that has a single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides into proximal and distal branches. They are mostly found in ganglia in the PNS and function as sensory neurons

Answer 36

Unipolar neurons

Question 37

The type of neuron that transmits impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward or into the central nervous system

Answer 37

Sensory or afferent neurons

Question 38

The type of neuron that carries impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs of the body1

Answer 38

Motor or efferent neurons

Question 39

Lies between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs

Answer 39

Interneurons (association neurons)

Question 40

The measure of potential energy generated by separated electrical charges

Answer 40

Voltage

Question 41

The difference in charge between two points that measures voltage

Answer 41

Potential difference

Question 42

The flow of electrical charge from one point to another

Answer 42

Current

Question 43

The hindrance to charge flow provided by substances through which the current must pass

Answer 43

Resistance

Question 44

Gives the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

Answer 44

Ohm's law

Question 45

The channels that open when the appropriate chemical binds

Answer 45

Chemically gated channels (ligand-gated channels)

Question 46

The channels that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

Answer 46

Voltage-gated channels

Question 47

The channels that open in response to physical deformation of the receptor (sensory receptors for touch and pressure)

Answer 47

Mechanically gated channels

Question 48

Ions move along what gradient when they diffuse passively from an area of their higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer 48

Concentration gradient

Question 49

Ions move along what gradient when they move toward an area of opposite electrical charge

Answer 49

Electrical gradients

Question 50

Together, electrical and concentration gradients constitute... It determines which way ions flow

Answer 50

Electrochemical gradient

Question 51

The potential difference in a resting neuron

Answer 51

Resting membrane potential

Question 52

It stabilizes the resting membrane potential by maintaining the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium

Answer 52

Sodium-potassium pump (Na+ -K+ ATPase)

Question 53

Incoming signals operating over short distances. Short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential

Answer 53

Graded potentials

Question 54

Long-distance signals of axons

Answer 54

Action potentials

Question 55

A decrease in membrane potential (the inside of the membrane becomes less negative than the resting potential)

Answer 55

Depolarization

Question 56

An increase in membrane potential (the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential)

Answer 56

Hyperpolarization

Question 57

When the receptor of a sensory neuron is excited by some from of energy

Answer 57

Receptor potential (generator potential)

Question 58

When the current dies out within a few millimeters of its origin it is said to be...

Answer 58

Decremental