Ch 11 - Vocab

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome.

Question 2

drive

Answer 2

a state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation

Question 3

homeostasis

Answer 3

the maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism.

Question 4

allostasis

Answer 4

maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual’s needs and circumstances.

Question 5

incentives

Answer 5

external stimuli that pull us toward certain actions.

Question 6

intrinsic motivation

Answer 6

a motivation to do an act for its own sake

Question 7

extrinsic motivation

Answer 7

based ion the reinforcement and punishment that the act may bring.

Question 8

overjusitivation effect

Answer 8

when people receive more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines

Question 9

glucose

Answer 9

the most abundant sugar in your blood, is an important source of energy for the body and almost the only source for the brain.

Question 10

ghrelin

Answer 10

when the stomach is empty, it stimulates hunger by releasing this hormone.

the flow of glucose from the blood into cells depends on insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas.

Question 11

what are the three hormones that are important to regular hunger

Answer 11

ghrelin, insulin and glucogon.

Question 12

insulin

Answer 12

increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells.

at the beginning of a meal, before the nutrients begin to enter the blood, the brain sends messages to the pancreas to increase its secretion of insulin.

Question 13

glucagon

Answer 13

stimulates the liver to release stored glucose back into the blood.

hours after a meal, when blood glucose levels start to drop, the pancreas secretes these hormone

Question 14

leptin

Answer 14

the body’s fat cells release in amounts proportional to their mass.

leptin is your fat cells’ way of saying, “the body has enough fat already, so eat less.”

Question 15

hypothalamus

Answer 15

the parts of the brain that integrates all this information and determines hunger levels

Question 16

obesity

Answer 16

the excessive accumulation of body fat.

Question 17

anorexia nervosa

Answer 17

a condition in which someone refuses to eat enough to maintain a stable weight, intensely fears gaining weight, and misperceives his or her body as fatter than it actually is. “loss of appetite”

Question 18

bumlimia nervosa

Answer 18

alternating between self-deprivation and periods of excessive eating when they feel they have lost their ability to control themselves. “binge and purge”

Question 19

mere measurement effect

Answer 19

simply estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increasing your probability of that action

Question 20

need for achievement

Answer 20

they feel good when they accomplish something that they weren’t sure they could achieve

Question 21

scientific-management approach

Answer 21

theory x, most employees are lazy, indifferent, and uncreative

Question 22

human-relations approach

Answer 22

theory y, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility.

Question 23

transformational leader

Answer 23

articulates a vision of the future, intellectually stimulates subordinates, and motivates them to use their imagination to advance the organization.

Question 24

transactional leader

Answer 24

tries to make the organization more efficient at doing what it is already doing by providing rewards (mainly pay) for effective work.

Question 25

do transformational leaders emphasize intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? which do transactional leaders emphasize?

Answer 25

a transformational leader emphasizes intrinsic motivation, the desire toe achieve excellence. a transactional leader applies reward to get workers to do their current jobs efficiently and so emphasizes extrinsic motivation.