CH 12

Question 1

Differentiate cross-sectional, longitudinal and sequential designs.

Answer 1

CS: compare people of different ages at the same point in time
LG: repeatedly tests same cohort as they grow older.
SQ: repeatedly test several age cohorts as they all grow older.

Question 2

How many days in prenatal period?

Answer 2

266

Question 3

What is a fertilized egg called?

Answer 3

Zygote

Question 4

The embryonic stage occurs when after conception?

Answer 4

End of second week through the eighth.

Question 5

When does the embryo become a fetus?

Answer 5

At the ninth week after conception; fetal stage.

Question 6

What is the TDF gene?

Answer 6

Testis determining factor, within the Y chromosome, which triggers male sexual development.

Question 7

What are Teratogens?

Answer 7

Environmental agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.

Question 8

What abnormalities are involved in FAS?

Answer 8

Facial abnormalities, small malformed brains, intellectual disability, attentional and perceptual deficits, impulsivity, and poor social skills.

Question 9

What are schemas?

Answer 9

Organized patterns of thought and action that arise with cognitive development; internal frameworks

Question 10

Two key processes of schema development?

Answer 10

Assimilation: new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas
Accommodation: new experiences cause existing schemas to change or new ones to be created

Question 11

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

Answer 11

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 12

What develops in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 12

Infant gains understanding of world through sensory and motor experiences. Achieves object permanence.

Question 13

What develops in the preoperational stage?

Answer 13

Emergence of symbolic thought. Child uses words and images to represent objects and experiences. Pretend play. Thinking displays egocentrism, irreversibility and centration.

Question 14

What develops in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 14

Child can think logically about concrete events, grasps concepts of conservation and serial ordering.

Question 15

What develops in the formal operational stage?

Answer 15

Adolescent can think more logically abstractly and flexibly. Conform, hypotheses and test them systematically.

Question 16

What is egocentrism?

Answer 16

Difficulty in viewing the world from someone else’s perspective. Assuming other people see things the way they do.

Question 17

What were the findings of cross-cultural tests of Piaget’s stage theory?

Answer 17

1. The general cognitive abilities occur in the same order across cultures.
2. Children acquire many cognitive skills/concepts at an earlier age.
3. Cognitive development within each stage seems to proceed inconsistently.
4. Culture influences cognitive development.
5. Cognitive development is more complex and variable than Piaget proposed.

Question 18

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 18

The difference between what a child can do independently and what a child can do with assistance from adults, or more advanced peers

Question 19

What does the term theory of mind refer to?

Answer 19

Beliefs about the mind and the ability to understand other people’s mental states

Question 20

Define emotion regulation.

Answer 20

The process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.

Question 21

What is temperament?

Answer 21

A biologically based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to the environment

Question 22

What are psychosocial stages?

Answer 22

Sequence of eight developmental stages proposed by Erikson, each of which involves a different crisis over how we view ourselves.

Question 23

What are Ericksons eight major psychosocial stages?

Answer 23

Basic trust vs basic mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair

Question 24

What is imprinting?

Answer 24

In some species, a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment

Question 25

Define attachment.

Answer 25

The strong, emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers.

Question 26

What are Bowlby’s three phases of attachment?

Answer 26

Indiscriminate attachment: reflexive behaviours that evoke caregiving Discriminate attachment: attachment, behaviours directed toward familiar Specific attachment behaviour: meaningful attachment to specific caregivers

Question 27

What is Bowlby’s Strange Situation Test?

Answer 27

Standardized procedure for examining infant attachment we’re by an infant first plays with toys in their mothers presents and then is observed in the presence of a stranger.

Question 28

What are Diana Baumrind’s two key dimensions of parental behaviour?

Answer 28

Warmth versus hostility And Restrictiveness versus permissiveness

Question 29

Authoritative parents

Answer 29

Warm and restrictive. Associated with the most positive childhood outcomes.

Question 30

Authoritarian parents

Answer 30

Hostile and restrictive. Children tend to have lower self-esteem, be less, popular, perform more poorly.

Question 31

Indulgent parents

Answer 31

Warm and permissive. Caring but lack of guidance. Children tend to be immature and self-centered.

Question 32

Neglectful parents.

Answer 32

Hostile and permissive. Children are likely to be insecurely attached, have low achievement motivation and disturbed relationships. Associated with the most negative developmental outcomes.

Question 33

What is gender constancy?

Answer 33

Understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person.

Question 34

What is the process of socialization?

Answer 34

Acquiring the beliefs, values and behaviours of a group

Question 35

What is sex-typing?

Answer 35

Treating others differently, based on whether they are male or female

Question 36

Kohlberg’s test of moral reasoning

Answer 36

Heinz’s dilemma. Kohlberg was interested not in peoples conclusions, but their reasons for moral judgment.

Question 37

What is Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning and its two stages?

Answer 37

Level one: Preconventional Stage 1: punishment/obedience orientation (obey rules and avoid punishment) Stage 2: instrumental/hedonistic orientation (self-interested, seek rewards)

Question 38

What is Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning and its two stages?

Answer 38

Level two: Conventional (conformity to the expectations of social groups, persons adopt other peoples values) Stage 3: good child orientation (gaining approval and maintaining good relations with others) Stage 4: law and order orientation (doing ones duty showing respect for authority and maintaining social order)

Question 39

What is Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning and its two stages?

Answer 39

Level 3: postconventional (moral principles that are well thought out and part of one’s beliefs and value system) Stage 5: social contract orientation (societal principles, community welfare, individual rights, laws can be modified when they loose social utility) Stage 6: universal ethical principles (abstract, ethical principles, based on justice equality, following ones conscience)