ch 12-14 bio test

Question 1

Alleles

Answer 1

a gene trait

Question 2

traits

Answer 2

genetically determined characteristic

• one trait cant influence another
• recessive traits can skip a generation

Question 3

Carrier

Answer 3

an unexpressed trait - a carried allele is unexpressed

- A heterozygous individual is a carrier of a recessive allele

Question 4

complete dominance

Answer 4

dominant allele completely masks recessive allele for that trait

Question 5

incomplete dominance

Answer 5

when one allele doesn’t fully dominant over another causing blending
- Red + White = pink

Question 6

codominance

Answer 6

alleles expressed side by side

- white + black = white/black spotted

Question 7

polygenic

Answer 7

traits controlled/produced by more than one gene

• ex: hair type
• graphed: bell shaped

Question 8

dihybrid cross

Answer 8

a cross involving 2 traits

- RrYy x RrYy = 9:3:3:1

Question 9

multiple alleles

Answer 9

3 or more alleles in one gene

• ex: blood type
• genes existing in several forms

Question 10

homozygous

Answer 10

same 2 alleles

• ex: AA, aa
• purebred/true breeding

Question 11

heterozygous

Answer 11

2 diffrent alleles

• Aa
• hybrid

Question 12

phenotype

Answer 12

the physical expression of a trait

Question 13

genotype

Answer 13

the letter expression of a traits dominance/recessive

- ex: RR, rr, Rr

Question 14

punnet square

Answer 14

model probabilities

• Mundelein inheritance can be determined through a punnet square
• helps predict combinations in genetic crosses

Question 15

F1

Answer 15

first generation from cross mating of different parent types

- 25% recessive 25% dominant 50% heterozygous

Question 16

F2

Answer 16

second generation (like F1) 
- 9:3:3:1 = 9 RR, 3 Rr, 3 rR, 1 rr

Question 17

genes

Answer 17

the units that determine the inheritance of biological characteristics

• sexually reproduced organisms get one copy of each each gene from each parent
• contains the instructions for assembling proteins
• gen expression genetic info id put into action

Question 18

dominant

Answer 18

expressed allele

Question 19

recessive

Answer 19

unexpressed allele

Question 20

DNA

Answer 20

(deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) 
nucleic acid made of many nucleotides 
- double helix 
- unzipped and copied
- allows genetic info to go to the next gen via chromosomes
- stores info in base sequence
- in nucleus (office)  
- Master plan
- DNA is the same in constructed for plant and animals but different in content

Question 21

nucleotides

Answer 21

unit made out of a nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate group

• bonded with covalent bond
• can be joined in any order

Question 22

nitrogen bases

Answer 22

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil (RNA)

Question 23

nucleic acid

Answer 23

building blocks in DNA

- monomers of the polymer proteins

Question 24

replication

Answer 24

DNA copying itself

1. helix unzips forming forks (hydrogen binds are weaker)
2. new bases added
3. 2 strands (new/old)
   - starts in a single point in Prok but multiple in Euk

Question 25

DNA polymerase

Answer 25

enzyme that joins nucleotides

Question 26

diploid

Answer 26

a nucleus containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent - paired

Question 27

haploid

Answer 27

nucleolus having single set of unpaired chromosomes | - unpaired

Question 28

anti parallel

Answer 28

DNA has 1 strand spinning up and another spinning down during replication

Question 29

telomeres

Answer 29

cause cells to stop replicating

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

single strand polymeric strand

Question 31

mRNA

Answer 31

- made from coding strand of DNA | - travels to cytoplasm

Question 32

promoter

Answer 32

region of DNA that starts transcription

Question 33

Transcription

Answer 33

making RNA from DNA

Question 34

rRNA

Answer 34

translates mRNA to provide instructions for building proteins - manges mRNA - guides tRNA - make peptide bonds - subunits ribosomes

Question 35

tRNA

Answer 35

carries anticodons that construct proteins from specific amino acids - deciphers codons

Question 36

phases

Answer 36

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 37

prophase

Answer 37

the complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.

Question 38

metaphase

Answer 38

Alline in center of cell

Question 39

anaphase

Answer 39

chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers

Question 40

telophase

Answer 40

chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

Question 41

interphase

Answer 41

final cells created