Ch 12 & 4 Knowledge Check

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

enduring set of internally based characteristics that create uniqueness & consistency in a person’s thoughts & behaviors

Question 2

Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 2

• majority of behavior controlled by unconscious mind

Question 3

Topographical Theory of the Mind

Answer 3

the way an individual behaves and feels is result of the conscious mind, preconscious mind, & unconscious mind

Question 4

conscious mind

Answer 4

all mental activities that a person is aware of & able to freely access

Question 5

preconscious mind

Answer 5

level of consciousness that is not at the forefront of the mind but info can be retrieved and brought to the conscious

Question 6

unconscious mind

Answer 6

houses thoughts and impulses that could be too inappropriate for the conscious mind

Question 7

free association

Answer 7

technique psychoanalysts use where they ask clients to freely share anything that comes to mind to understand their unconscious thoughts

Question 8

manifest content

Answer 8

the actual content of a dream that someone remembers without interpretation

Question 9

latent content

Answer 9

content of dreams that consists of someone’s true thoughts & feelings contained in their unconscious

Question 10

id

Answer 10

component of unconscious driven by sexual & impulsive desires
- operates on pleasure principle = fulfilling urges

Question 11

ego

Answer 11

mediates the id & superego & decides course of action
- operates on reality principle = impulses from the unconscious & expressed in socially acceptable ways

Question 12

superego

Answer 12

the moral compass of the mind
- regulated by ego ideal & conscious

Question 13

reality anxiety

Answer 13

anxiety that serves as warning for real danger

Question 14

moral anxiety

Answer 14

anxiety that notifies the superego that the ego is considering violating moral code

Question 15

defense mechanisms

Answer 15

averting expressions of id without conscious awareness

Question 16

repression

Answer 16

defense mechanism where ego removes threatening stimulus from conscious awareness

Question 17

collective unconscious

Answer 17

according to Jung, unconscious mind is interconnected with experiences of past generations of different people throughout the world

Question 18

archetypes

Answer 18

all universal knowledge is stored in the collective unconscious by a variety of thought patterns & behavior rituals that persist over time

Question 19

persona

Answer 19

tendency for people to develop a certain behavior in public to get along with others

Question 20

shadow

Answer 20

represents dark, primitive side of personality

Question 21

striving for superiority

Answer 21

Adler proposed at a conscious level, individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve excellence & improvements over past self & acts in ways to benefit social interest

Question 22

social security

Answer 22

Horney describes a sense of feeling safe & loved in relationships with others

Question 23

basic anxiety

Answer 23

Horney says those who feel unloved & unsafe develop anxiety

Question 24

basic hostility

Answer 24

Horney says people feel anger or hostility when in insecure relationships

Question 25

twin studies

Answer 25

studies on twins that allow researchers to determine the proportion that a characteristic is due to genetics or upbringing

Question 26

monozygotic / identical twins

Answer 26

twins share 100% of DNA

Question 27

dizygotic / fraternal twins

Answer 27

twins share about 50% of DNA

Question 28

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Answer 28

network of structures in the midbrain that acts as a filter & regulates arousal in the brain - linked with introversion & extraversion

Question 29

3-factor theory

Answer 29

theory of personality that consists of evaluating: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/emotional stability, psychoticism/impulse control

Question 30

5-factor model

Answer 30

o - openness c - conscientiousness e - extraversion a - agreeableness n - neuroticism

Question 31

teratogens

Answer 31

environmental substances that negatively impact development during gestation

Question 32

period of the zygote

Answer 32

conception - 2 weeks - rapid cell division

Question 33

blastocyst

Answer 33

fertilized egg embeds into uterine wall

Question 34

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 34

blastocyst implants into fallopian tube instead of uterine wall

Question 35

period of the embryo

Answer 35

2-8 weeks gestation - major organ & body system development - when teratogens are most harmful

Question 36

period of the fetus

Answer 36

9 weeks gestation - birth - growth & refinement - final period of prenatal development

Question 37

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 37

when consumption of alcohol during pregnancy results in damage to internal organs & altered physical characteristics

Question 38

thalidomide

Answer 38

drug prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness which ended up being extremely harmful to fetus

Question 39

zika virus

Answer 39

transmitted through sexual contact - associated with microcephaly

Question 40

jean piaget

Answer 40

constructivist theoretical perspective - observed his children & established stages of cognitive development

Question 41

assimilation

Answer 41

incorporation of new info into existing cognitive structures

Question 42

accomodation

Answer 42

creation of new cognitive structures to house new info

Question 43

sensorimotor stage

Answer 43

birth - 2 years old - learning that occurs though a child's sensory interactions with physical environment

Question 44

object permanence

Answer 44

understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen

Question 45

preoperational period

Answer 45

2 - 7 years old - increased ability to use symbols & logical thinking - animism - egocentrism

Question 46

concrete operational period

Answer 46

7 - 11 years old - increased cognitive ability in reasoning concrete events

Question 47

scaffolding

Answer 47

idea proposed by lev Vygotsky that offered cognitive support from parent or teacher helps learner acquire new skill or knowledge

Question 48

attachment

Answer 48

emotional bond formed with primary caregivers

Question 49

secure attachment

Answer 49

healthy level of independence & exploration

Question 50

insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 50

child is very clingy to parent when they try to leave

Question 51

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 51

characterized by child being unaffected by parent returning during reunion

Question 52

pre-conventional morality

Answer 52

children think of morality in terms of rewards & punishment

Question 53

conventional morality

Answer 53

child places value on social conventions

Question 54

post-conventional morality

Answer 54

morality based on abstract principles instead of societal expectations