Ch. 12 - Basics of Chemistry

Question 1

acidic solution

Answer 1

A solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral).

Question 2

alkaline solution

Answer 2

A solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral).

Question 3

alkalis

AL-kuh-lyz

Answer 3

Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts.

Question 4

alkanolamines

al-kan-oh-LAH-mynz

Answer 4

Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.

Question 5

alpha hydroxy acids

al-FAH Hy-drok-see AS-udz

Answer 5

Abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin.

Question 6

ammonia

uh-MOH-nee-uh

Answer 6

Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.

Question 7

anion

An-eye-on

Answer 7

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

Question 8

atoms

Answer 8

The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element.

Question 9

cation

KAT-eye-on

Answer 9

An ion with a positive electrical charge.

Question 10

chemical change

Answer 10

A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance.

Question 11

chemical properties

Answer 11

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.

Question 12

chemistry

Answer 12

Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

Question 13

combustion

kum-BUS-chun

Answer 13

Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light.

Question 14

compound molecules

KAHM-pownd MAHL-uh-kyools

Answer 14

Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.

Question 15

electrons

Answer 15

Subatomic particles with a negative charge.

Question 16

element

Answer 16

The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.

Question 17

elemental molecule

eL-uh-men-tul MAHL-uh-kyool

Answer 17

Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.

Question 18

emulsifier

ee-MUL-suh-fy-ur

Answer 18

An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.

Question 19

emulsion

ee-MUL-shun

Answer 19

An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.

Question 20

exothermic reactions

ek-soh-THUR-mik ree-AK-shunz

Answer 20

Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat.

Question 21

glycerin

gLIS-ur-in

Answer 21

Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.

Question 22

glycolic acid

Answer 22

An alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products.

Question 23

immiscible

im-IS-uh-bul

Answer 23

Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.

Question 24

inorganic chemistry

Answer 24

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.

Question 25

ion | eye-on

Answer 25

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

Question 26

ionization | eye-on-ih-ZAy-shun

Answer 26

The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.

Question 27

lipophilic | ly-puh-FIL-ik

Answer 27

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).

Question 28

logarithm | LOg-ah-rhythm

Answer 28

Multiples of 10.

Question 29

matter

Answer 29

Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).

Question 30

miscible | MIS-uh-bul

Answer 30

Liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions.

Question 31

molecule | MAHL-uh-kyool

Answer 31

A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.

Question 32

neutrons

Answer 32

Subatomic particles with no charge.

Question 33

oil-in-water emulsion

Answer 33

Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water.

Question 34

organic chemistry

Answer 34

The study of substances that contain the element carbon.

Question 35

oxidation | ahk-sih-DAy-shun

Answer 35

A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.

Question 36

oxidation–reduction

Answer 36

Also known as redox (ree-DOCS); a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).

Question 37

oxidizing agent

Answer 37

Substance that releases oxygen.

Question 38

pH

Answer 38

The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.

Question 39

pH scale

Answer 39

A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution.

Question 40

physical change

Answer 40

A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.

Question 41

physical mixture

Answer 41

A physical combination of matter in any proportion.

Question 42

physical properties

Answer 42

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance.

Question 43

protons

Answer 43

Subatomic particles with a positive charge.

Question 44

pure substance

Answer 44

A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.

Question 45

reducing agent

Answer 45

A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.

Question 46

silicones | SIL-ih-kohnz

Answer 46

Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.

Question 47

solute | SAHL-yoot

Answer 47

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Question 48

solution

Answer 48

A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.

Question 49

solvent

Answer 49

The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution.

Question 50

states of matter

Answer 50

The three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

Question 51

surfactants | sur-FAK-tants

Answer 51

A contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.

Question 52

suspensions

Answer 52

Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.

Question 53

thioglycolic acid | thy-oh-gLy-kuh-lik AS-ud

Answer 53

A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

Question 54

volatile alcohols

Answer 54

Alcohols that evaporate easily.

Question 55

volatile organic compounds

Answer 55

Abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).

Question 56

water-in-oil emulsion

Answer 56

Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil.