Ch. 12 Biochemistry Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
molecules that are the building blocks of living organisms
A
biomolecules
2
Q
biomolecules fall into about four categories:
A
- carbohydrates
- amino acids and proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
3
Q
Carbohydrates or sugars were originally believed to be
A
“hydrates of carbon”
4
Q
Carbohydrates are now known as
A
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
5
Q
Monosaccharides are
A
simple sugars
6
Q
Monosaccharides are not broken down by _____ ____ into simpler sugars
A
aqueous acid
7
Q
Monosaccharides are the fundamental building blocks of
A
sugars
8
Q
the fundamental building blocks of sugars are:
A
Monosaccharides
9
Q
Disaccharides are composed of two _______.
Joined by an ______ or ______ linkage.
A
Monosaccharides .
joined by an ACETAL or
KETAL linkage
10
Q
Polysaccharides are composed of many:
A
Monosaccharides joined by acetal or ketal linkages
11
Q
Classification of sugars is by the number of
A
C atoms
12
Q
Trioses are sugars that contain
A
3 carbon atoms
13
Q
Tetrosese are sugars that contain
A
4 carbon atoms
14
Q
Pentoses are sugars that contain
A
5 carbon atoms
15
Q
Hexoses are sugars that contain
A
6 carbon atoms
16
Q
sugars that contain an aldehyde functional group are called
A
aldoses
17
Q
sugars that contain a ketone functional group are called
A
ketoses
18
Q
Chirality is a property of an object if it is different from its
A
mirror image
19
Q
The Greek word for “handed” is
A
Chiros
20
Q
a chiral molecule needs at least one
A
stereocenter
21
Q
a carbon is a _____ when it has _____ different groups
A
stereocenter
4 different groups
22
Q
a cool property of chiral molecules is
A
optical activity
23
Q
shining polarized light through one isomer rotates light to the ___.
this is the _____ isomer.
A
right
-this is the (+) or dextrorotatory isomer
24
Q
the isomer that rotates polarized light to the left is the
A
(-) or levorotatory isomer
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carbohydrates and amino acids are grouped into optical families:
D family and the L family
L-threose
D-threose
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the two most important sugars are
glucose and fructose
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glucose and fructose are both naturally occurring and belong in what family of sugars?
D family
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the old name for glucose was
dextrose
*b/c glucose rotates plane polarized light to the RIGHT (D-glucose is dextrorotatory)
29
the old name for fructose was
levulose
*b/c fructose rotates plane polarized light to the LEFT (D-Fructose is levorotatory)
30
D-glucose is
dextrorotatory
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D-Fructose is
levorotatory
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the most important sugar is
glucose
*occurs so frequently in nature
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sugars exists primarily as what type of structures?
cyclic structures
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sugars usually have a ____ or ____ membered ring
six- or five-membered ring
35
these molecules share a common physical property - they're all soluble in organic solvents (i.e. ether)
Lipids
36
The purpose of lipids:
- energy storage
| - sending chemical signals (both w/in an individual and between individuals)
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fatty acids are long-chained
carboxylic acids
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naturally occurring fatty acids always have an even number of:
carbon atoms
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saturated fatty acids have all:
carbon-carbon single bonds in the chain
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unsaturated fatty acids have one or more
double bonds in the chain
*these are called cis
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name some saturated fatty acids (4):
- Lauric acid
- Myristic acid
- Palmitic acid
- Stearic acid
42
Oleic acid (18:1) is a:
monounsaturated fatty acid
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Linoleic acid (18:2) is a :
polyunsaturated fatty acid
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Triglycerides are
tri-esters of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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examples of triglycerides:
- Tristearin
| - Triolein
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Tristearin is a typical saturated fat molecule. Where would you find this type of triglyceride?
-butter or animal fat
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Triolein is a typical unsaturated triglyceride. where would you find this type of triglyceride?
veg oil, olive oil
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a fat is a ____ triglyceride at room temperature
SOLID
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fats tend to come from
animal sources
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fats tend to have a greater percentage of
saturated fatty acids
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an oil is a ____ triglyceride at room temperature
LIQUID
52
oils tend to come from
vegetable sources
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oils tend to have a greater percentage of
unsaturated fatty acids
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fats and oils are triglycerides, but differ in their
fatty acid composition
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since triglycerides are esters, they undergo the same kinds of reactions as other esters. one important reaction is:
hydrolysis by base
| *remember basic hydrolysis is called saponification, which means "soap forming"
56
hydrolysis of a triglyceride (with NaOH) gives:
glycerin and three fatty acids (As they are sodium salts)
57
All soaps have a _____ tail and a _____ head
non-polar tail
| polar head
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when the sodium salt of a fatty acid is placed into water, they hydrophobic tails tend to:
This leads to formation of a:
- cluster and dissolve in each other
| - forming a MICELLE
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a roughly spherical agglomeration of soap molecules in which the greasy tails are hidden away from the polar aqueous environment on the inside of the sphere is a:
micelle
60
detergents are synthetic
"soaps"
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like soaps, detergents have a long,
polar tail and a polar head
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the polar head of a detergent can be
anionic, cationic, or neutral
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many detergents are derived from
triglyceride sources
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sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) is a
typical anionic detergent
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SDS is also known as
sodium laurylsulfate
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SDS has several advantages over soap; can you name them (2)?
1. it does not form insoluble percipitates w/hard water ions ===> forms soap scum
2. since sulfuric acid is a strong acid, SDS is a weak base and is pH neutral
67
quaternary ammonium salts are common
cationic detergents
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the 16-carbon chain of cationic detergents is call a
cetyl group
69
steroids are characterized by a
ring system
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the steroid ring system they're characterized by is called the :
"perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene" ring system
71
is one of the male sex hormones
testosterone
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this is a synthetic steroid that is used as one component of an oral contraceptive
ethynyl estradiol
73
powerful hormones in mammalian systems are:
prostaglandins
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prostaglandins have a 5-membered ring with a 7-carbon side chain (often ending in a carboyxlic acid group) adjacent to an
8-carbon chain
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these are relatively simple organic molecules that are strung together into chains called proteins:
amino acids
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all living organisms are chemical factories, and virtually every chemical reaction that occurs in a living system is catalyzed by special proteins called:
enzymes
77
amino acids have three components:
1. a carboxylic functional group
2. an amino group on the carbon alpha to the carboxyl group
3. a side chain group on the carbon alpha to the caboxyl group
78
there are about how many naturally occurring amino acids?
20
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each amino acid has a
1- and 3- letter abbreviation
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the identity of the amino acids is determined by the various
side chains
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Hydrocarbon side chains 1:
1. Glycine
2. Alanine
3. Valine
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Gly or G
The side chain on _____.
Glycine.
*the side chain on clycine is a Hydrogen.
Hydrocarbon side chains 1
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the only non-chiral amino acid is:
Gly
84
Ala or A
The side chain on
alanine
*is a methyl group
Hydrocarbon side chains 1
85
Val or V
The side chain on:
Valine
*is an isopropyl group
Hydrocarbon side chains 1
86
Hydrocarbon side chains 2:
1. Leucine
| 2. Isoleucine
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Leu or L
The side chain on:
Leucine
*is an isobutyl group
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Ile or I
The side chain on:
Isoleucine
*is a sec butyl group
89
Aromatic side chains 1 (examples):
1. Phenylalaine
| 2. Tyrosine
90
Phe or F
the side chain is a
Phenylalaine
benzyl group
*Phe is an alaine with a phenyl group
91
Tyr or Y
Tyr is
Tyrosine
Tyr is Phe with a para hydroxyl group
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example of aromatic side chains 2:
Tryptophan
Trp or W
*has a heteroaromatic ring sys in the side chain called an indole group
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Name the acidic side chains:
1. Aspartic acid
| 2. Glutamic acid
94
Aspartic Acid
Asp or D
The side chain in Asp is an acetic acid chain
Notice both start with "a"
95
Glutamic acid
Glu or E
The side chain of Glu has more methylene than Asp
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Amide side chain examples (2)
1. Asparagine
| 2. glutamine
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Asparagine :
Asn or N
Asn is the ammonia amide of aspartic acid
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Glutamine:
Gln or Q
Gln is the ammonia amide of glutamic acid
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Essential amino acids must be obtained through
diet
you cannot synthesize these
100
the essential amino acids are:
"A HILL Make People Think To Vomit"
```
A - Arginine
H - Histidine
I - Isoleucine
L- Leucine
L- Lysine
M- Methionine
P-Pheynylalanine
T- Threonine
T-Tryptophan
V- Valine
```
101
This is arguably the most important analytical tool in a biochemist's repertoire:
electrophoresis
102
electrophoresis is used to
separate and/or identify:
- amino acids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
103
electrophoresis uses an electric field to separate amino acids (proteins or n. acids) based on:
electrical charge and molecular weight
* more highly charged species move faster
* heavier species move more slowly
104
The amino group of one amino acid can form an amide bond to the carboxyl group of another amino acid
this is a peptide bond
105
this is how amino acids are strung together into proteins:
peptide bonds
106
peptide bonds in living systems is a reaction accomplished by an enzyme:
petidyl transferase
107
when two amino acids are joined together the product is a
dipeptide
108
when three amino acids are joined together the product is a
tripeptide
109
polypeptides are
when many amino acids are joined together
110
polymers of amino acids, joined by amide (or peptide) bonds are:
proteins
111
all proteins have a primary structure and some have :
higher levels of structure
112
amino acid sequence:
| in r/t structural levels of proteins
Primary structure
113
alpha helices or beta pleated sheets:
| in r/t structural levels of proteins
Secondary structure
114
superimposed folding of secondary structures:
| in r/t structural levels of proteins
tertiary structure
115
polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner
| (in r/t structural levels of proteins
quaternary
116
Reversible unfolding of proteins d/t drops in pH and/or increased temperature is
protein denaturation
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Irreversible protein denaturation - when proteins cannot refold and are formed by:
extreme pH or temperature changes
118
Nucleic Acids are composed of
```
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
phosphorus
```
119
Two major classes of nucleic acids are:
DNA and RNA
120
The structural unit, the nucleotide, is composed of (3):
- N-containing base
- a pentose sugar
- a phosphate group
121
Five nitrogen bases contribute to nucleotide structure:
```
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
```
122
DNA =
deoxyribonucleic acid
123
DNA is a double stranded helical molecule found in the
nucleus of the cell
124
This replicates itself before the cell divides , ensuring genetic continuity:
DNA
125
DNA provides instructions for
protein synthesis
126
RNA =
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
127
RNA is a single-stranded molecule Found in
both the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell
128
RNA uses this nitrogenous base instead of tymine
uracil
129
Three varieties of RNA:
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
130
Purines are:
how many rings?
Adenine, Guanine have TWO rings
**PURe As Gold**
131
Pyrimidines are:
How many rings?
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil have ONE ring
**CUT the PY[pie]ramididnes
132
Uracil is found in
RNA
133
Thymine is found in
DNA
134
4 steps of DNA replication:
1. dna duplicates itself
2. nucleotides are always added to the 3' end
3. "new" DNA is proofread by DNA polymerase
4. Repairs are made by DNA ligase
135
"new" DNA is proofread by
DNA polymerase
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Repairs are made by
DNA ligase
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multiple ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single
mRNA
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This type of RNA carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm
mRNA
139
mRNA are long single stranded molecules containing:
condons
*code triplets for amino acids
140
each codon "codes" for
one amino acid
141
this is the START Codon:
AUG
"AUG inAUGurates protein synthesis"
142
these are STOP codons:
UAA
UAG
UGA
143
this type of rna acts as a carrier to transport amino acids to ribosomes:
transfer RNA
144
this RNA is present in ribosomes and synthesize proteins (translation)
Ribosomal RNA
145
the formation of mRNA is called
transcription
146
transcription is controlled by
RNA polymerase
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mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins; this is called:
translation
148
protein synthesis occurs in
ribosomes (protein factories)
149
this attaches the amino acid to mRNA
tRNA
150
peptide bonds are formed b/w amino acids by
peptidyl transferase
151
Agent | Effect:
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline
bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
152
Agent | Effect:
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycine, Lincomycin, cLindamycin
bind to the 50S subunit of bacterail ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
153
"buy AT 30....
CELL at 50"
154
bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline
155
bind to the 50S subunit of bacterail ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycine, Lincomycin, cLindamycin
156
Agent | Effect:
Sulfonamide
inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid
157
Agent | Effect:
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid)
inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
| Toposiomerase II
158
Agent | Effect:
Rifampin
blocks bacterial mRna synthesis
*R's*** Rifampin=mRNA**
159
Agent | Effect:
Penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin
interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
160
Agent | Effect:
polymyxin
disrupt permeability of bacterial cell membrane --> leakage of cell contents
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"S" of 30S or 50S =
savedburg unit
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inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid
Sulfonamide
163
inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid)
164
blocks bacterial mRna synthesis
*R's*** Rifampin=mRNA**
165
interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
Penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin
166
disrupt permeability of bacterial cell membrane --> leakage of cell contents
polymyxin
167
inhibition of tetrahydrofolate synthesis by
trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole
