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Anatomy and Physiology > CH. 12: Neural Tissue > Flashcards

CH. 12: Neural Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Basic Functions (SIM)

A

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

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1
Q

Functions of the Nervous Tissue

A

Regulates all body activities by integration and responding to internal and external stimuli
Controls homeostasis

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2
Q

Structure of the Nervous System (7)

A 
Spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Peripheral nerves
Brain
Cranial nerves
Sensory receptors
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3
Q

What are the systems of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

What composes the central nervous system?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the CNS responsible for?

A

Integration

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6
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves
Ganglia
All neural tissue outside of the CNS

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7
Q

What is the role of the PNS?

A

Connects CNS to sensory receptors and effectors

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8
Q

What are the functional divisions of the PNS?

A

Afferent

Efferent

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9
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory information
Arrival
PNS sensory receptor to the CNS

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10
Q

Efferent

A

Motor commands
CNS to PNS muscles and glands
Exit

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11
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic (voluntary)
Autonomic (involuntary)
Enteric

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12
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Involuntary sensory and motor neurons control the GI tract

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13
Q

What types of cells are found in neural tissue?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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14
Q

What are neurons?

A

Communication cells

Propagate and transmit nerve impulses (action potentials)

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15
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Supporting cells

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16
Q

How do neurons transmit information?

A

Electrical and chemical form

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17
Q

What are the parts of the soma?

A

Perikaryon
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
RER and ribosomes

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18
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axons
Synapse

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19
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Receive information

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20
Q

Dendrite characteristics

A

Short, highly branched extensions
Unmyelinated
Neurofibrils and nissl bodies

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21
Q

Function of axons

A

Carry electrical signal (action potential) to target

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22
Q

Synapse

A

Location of communication

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23
Q

Function of the synaptic terminal

A

Recycles neurotransmitters

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24
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Interneurons

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25
Q

Structural classification of neurons (4)

A

Anaxonic neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons

26
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

Cell processes look alike

Brain and special sense organs

27
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One dendrite and one axon

Retina, inner ear, and olfactory

28
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

One process only

Sensory neurons

29
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Two or more dendrites and one axon

CNS, motor neurons

30
Q

Which classification of neurons is most common?

A

Multipolar neurons

31
Q

Function of neuroglial cells

A

Protect and support

32
Q

Neuroglial cells in the CNS

A

Ependymal
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

33
Q

Neuroglial cells in the PNS

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

34
Q

Ependymal

A

Form epithelial lining of fluid-filled passageways of the brain and spinal cord
Produce, circulate, and monitor CSF

35
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protective cushion

Transportation

36
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide structural support
Guides neuron development
Controls interstitial environment
BBB

37
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Isolate CNS from blood

38
Q

Interstitial environment

A

Regulates ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations

Absorbs/recycles neurotransmitters

39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination of CNS axons

=Schwann cells

40
Q

What does insulation do to the speed of action potentials?

A

Increases the speed of action potentials

41
Q

Microglia

A

Mobile phagocytic cells

42
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Regulation of intercellular environment
=astrocytes

43
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelin sheath around PNS axons

1 cell=1 segment

44
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease

Destroys myelin sheaths in CNS

45
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

Muscle weakness
Abnormal sensations
Vision/hearing loss

46
Q

Neurons vs. Neuroglia

A

Neurons control functions of the nervous system

Neuroglia are essential to the survival and function of neurons

47
Q

PNS Repair Factors (3)

A

Neuronal cell body intact
Active Schwann cells
Not rapid formation of scar tissue

48
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Breakdown distal to injury

49
Q

PNS Repair Steps

A

(1) Wallerian degeneration
(2) proliferation of Schwann cells along original axon path
(3) growth of axon
(4) Schwann cells wrap around growing axon

50
Q

CNS repair

A

Very limited
More axons
Astrocytes produce scar tissue and release chemicals that block axon regrowth

51
Q

Types of electrical signals for communication

A

Graded potentials

Action potentials

52
Q

Graded potentials

A

Local

53
Q

Action potential

A

Propagated

54
Q

Leak and gated channels

A

Flow of ions through ion channels

55
Q

Leak channels

A

Always open

Passage of ions depends on size, shape, and structure of channel

56
Q

Gated channels

A

Respond to specific stimuli

Change transmembrane potential

57
Q

States of closed channels (3)

A

Closed
Activated
Inactivated

58
Q

3 classes of gated channels

A

Chemical
Voltage
Mechanical

59
Q

Chemically gated channels

A

Open in response to specific channels

60
Q

Where are chemically gated channels most abundant?

A

Where most synaptic communication occurs (dendrites and somas)
Ex. Acetylcholine (ach)

61
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Respond to changes in transmembrane potential

62
Q

Voltage gated channels are characteristic of what?

A

Excitable membranes

potassium, calcium, sodium

63
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

Respond to physical distortion

-sensory receptors (touch, pressure, etc.)

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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