CH 12: Pathology

Question 1

auscultation

Answer 1

listening to sounds within the body

Question 2

percussion

Answer 2

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

Question 3

pleural rub

Answer 3

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
- means inflammation or cancer

Question 4

rales (crackles)

Answer 4

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli

Question 5

rhonchi/ rhonchus

Answer 5

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

Question 6

sputum

Answer 6

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting

Question 7

purulent

Answer 7

containing pus sputum often is green or brown

Question 8

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Answer 8

identifies the sputum pathogen and determine which antibiotics will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth

Question 9

stridor

Answer 9

high pitch; strained, high pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx

Question 10

wheezed

Answer 10

asthma; continuous high pitched whistling sounds producing during breathing

Question 11

croup

Answer 11

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor
- most common: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Question 12

diphtheria

Answer 12

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by diphtheria bacterium / corynecaberium
- get DPT injections

Question 13

epistaxis

Answer 13

bosebleed

Question 14

pertussis

Answer 14

whipping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by bordetella pertussis
- paroxysmal: violent, sudden

Question 15

asthma

Answer 15

chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production

Question 16

bronchiectasis

Answer 16

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection

• purulent: pus containing
• palliative: noncurative

Question 17

chronic bronchitis

Answer 17

ipersisting over a long time; type of chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 18

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Answer 18

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do no drain normally

Question 19

atelectasis

Answer 19

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

Question 20

emphysema

Answer 20

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
- smoking

Question 21

lung cancer

Answer 21

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

• divided into 2 categories
  1. non small cell lung cancer / NSCLC
  2. small cell lung cancer / SCLC

Question 22

NSCLC

Answer 22

90 percent of lung cancers. The two types:
1- adenocarcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma

Question 23

SCLC

Answer 23

derived from small, round oat cells found in the pulmonary epithelium

Question 24

pneymoconiosis

Answer 24

abnormal condition caused by dust in lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
1- anthracosis: coal, black lung
2- asbestosis: asbesstos
3- silicosis: silica (rocks or glass)

Question 25

pneumonia

Answer 25

acute inflammation and infection of alveoli which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction - exudate (fluid, blood cells, debris) consolidates in the alveoli

Question 26

pulmonary abscess

Answer 26

arge collection of pus/ bacterial infection in the lungs

Question 27

pulmonary edema

Answer 27

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles

Question 28

pulmonary emolism (PE)

Answer 28

clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung | - can lead to pulmonary infarction

Question 29

pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 29

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

Question 30

sarcoidosis

Answer 30

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules / granulomas develop in ling, lymph nodes, and other organs

Question 31

tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 31

infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected

Question 32

mesothelioma

Answer 32

RARE malignant tumor arising in the pleura - only one - asbestos exposure

Question 33

pleural effusion

Answer 33

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space/ cavity

Question 34

pleurisy (pleuritis)

Answer 34

inflammation of the pleura

Question 35

pneumothorax

Answer 35

collection of air in the pleural space | - tx: pleurodesis: put talc so that effusion doesn't occur and it binds

Question 36

chest x ray

Answer 36

radiographic image of the thoracic cavity. chest film

Question 37

computed tomogaphy (CT) scan of the chest

Answer 37

computer generated series of x ray images show thoracic structure in cross section and other planes

Question 38

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest

Answer 38

magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross sectional (axial) planes

Question 39

positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung

Answer 39

radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs

Question 40

ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scan

Answer 40

detection device records radioactivity in the lungs after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)

Question 41

bronchoscopy

Answer 41

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes

Question 42

endotracheal intubation

Answer 42

placement of a stub through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway

Question 43

laryngoscopy

Answer 43

visual examination of the voice box

Question 44

lung biopsy

Answer 44

removal of lung tissue follow by microscopic examination

Question 45

mediastinoscop

Answer 45

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum

Question 46

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Answer 46

tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently

Question 47

thoracentesis

Answer 47

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space

Question 48

thoracotomy

Answer 48

large surgical incision of the chest

Question 49

tracheostomy

Answer 49

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck