Ch 13

Question 1

catabolism involves

Answer 1

breakdown of organic compounds to derive energy

Question 2

catabolic classes

Answer 2

-fermentation
-respiration
-photoheterotrophy

Question 3

fermentation is an ________ ___________ of organic nutrients

Answer 3

incomplete oxidation

Question 4

respiration couples oxidation of organic food source with _______

Answer 4

electron transfer to a terminal electron acceptor

Question 5

is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 5

anaerobic

Question 6

is respiration aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 6

both

Question 7

photohererotrophy uses __________ to facilitate the catabolism

Answer 7

light energy

Question 8

which substrate can be utilized for catabolism

Answer 8

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, aromatic compounds

Question 9

in autotrophy, _____ is used for energy

Answer 9

CO2

Question 10

respiration: maintain ______ to maintain ______ to maintain ________

Answer 10

electron flow;
proton gradient;
ATP production

Question 11

delta G informs whether a process

Answer 11

requires or releases energy

Question 12

• delta G indicates

Answer 12

an exergonic, energy releasing, catabolic reaction

Question 13

formula for delta G

Answer 13

dG = dH - TdS

Question 14

factors contributing to dG

Answer 14

-additivity of energy change
-concentration gradients
-concentrations of reactants and products

Question 15

what is usually the link between anabolism and catabolism

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

is ATP hydrolysis energy-releasing or energy-requiring

Answer 16

energy-releasing

Question 17

________ accompanies all energy transfer processes

Answer 17

heat loss

Question 18

when is ATP used in metabolism

Answer 18

hydrolysis
phosphorylation

Question 19

how is NAD/NADH used in biochemical reactions

Answer 19

electron carrier

Question 20

to create ATP, ADP is _____

Answer 20

phosphorylated

Question 21

three mechanisms of phosphorylation

Answer 21

-substrate level (ferm, resp)
-oxidative (resp)
- photophosphorylation (photosynthesis)

Question 22

oxidative and photo phosphorylation requires

Answer 22

electron transfer chain and utilizes process of chemiosmosis to form ATPs
-involves use of proton gradient & ATP synthesis
-photophosphorylation driven by light

Question 24

glycolysis is also called

Answer 24

the embden-meyerhof pathway

Question 25

glycolysis is the oxidation of

Answer 25

glucose to pyruvic acid -usually the first stage in carbohydrate catabolism

Question 26

glycolysis attains its ATP via

Answer 26

-substrate level phosphorylation -it is an anaerobic process

Question 27

net gain of glycolysis

Answer 27

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 28

what pathways can bacteria use to catabolize glucose (convert glucose to pyruvate)

Answer 28

-glycolysis -entner-doudoroff -pentose-phosphate

Question 29

entner-dodoroff pathway properties

Answer 29

-sugar acids catabolism -in certain gram negatives -aldose sugar (like glucose)

Question 30

E-D pathway products

Answer 30

2 pyruvate ATP NADH NADPH

Question 31

pentose-phosphate shunt properties

Answer 31

produce pentose sugars used for biosynthesis of -aromatic AA -nucletides -can also form pyruvate

Question 32

PPS yield

Answer 32

ATP 2 NADPH

Question 34

fermentation reactions regenerate _____ needed for glycolysis to produce ATP

Answer 34

NAD+

Question 35

what kinds of fermentation can be performed with pyruvic acid

Answer 35

lactic acid fermentation ethanol fermentation

Question 36

glucose catabolism is not complete until

Answer 36

NADHs are recycled

Question 37

when does fermentation reactions oxidize NADH to small organic acids & alcohols

Answer 37

in the absence of a terminal electron acceptor

Question 38

organisms that use lactic acid fermentation

Answer 38

streptococcus lactobacillus

Question 39

organisms that use alcohol fermentation

Answer 39

yeasts and many bacteria

Question 40

Tricarboxylic acid cycle function

Answer 40

In the prescence of O2 or other terminal electron acceptors, pyruvate can be catabolized to CO2 & water via the TCA or Krebs cycle

Question 41

TCA properties

Answer 41

-pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA -oxidation of glucose complete

Question 42

TCA: energy per 1 acetyl-CoA

Answer 42

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP

Question 43

TCA: energy per glucose

Answer 43

6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP

Question 44

TCA intermediates are used for

Answer 44

biosynthetic processes

Question 45

glucose respiration (aerobic) formula

Answer 45

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 46

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 46

-process of electron transport & ATP formation -relies on formation of H+ gradient and ATP synthase

Question 47

how many ATPS are produced by oxidative phorphorylation

Answer 47

34 ATPs

Question 48

fun facts about aromatic compounds

Answer 48

they are difficult to degrade due to stability of benzene ring; are catabolized slowly and can occur aerobically or anaerobically

Question 49

aromatic catabolism is carried out by these two species

Answer 49

pseudomonas and rhodoccus

Question 50

where do end products of this aromatic catabolic pathway go

Answer 50

to the TCA cycle

Question 51

what chemicals have central roles in aromatic catabolism

Answer 51

benzoate and catechol

Question 52

many aromatic pathways exist on

Answer 52

plasmids in bacteria

Question 53

dioxygenase enzymes add _____ atoms to the benzene ring in catechol

Answer 53

oxygen; subsequent ring cleavage facilitates catabolism of the molecule