Ch. 13 Endocrine System Flashcards
(20 cards)
hypothalamus
- hypothalamic releasing- and
inhibiting-hormones
-regulates anterior pituitary hormones
Anterior pituitary
-human growth hormone (hGH): stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth, and metabolic functions
-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH): stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates production of ova and sperm from the ovaries and testes
-luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes
-prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production from the mammary glands
posterior
pituitary
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH): promotes the retention of water by the kidneys
oxytocin (OCT): stimulates uterine muscle contractions and release of milk by the mammary
glands
thyroid
-thyroxine (T4): affects all tissues
increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development.
-calcitonin: targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting release of
calcium from bone and reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
parathyroid
-parathyroid hormone (PTH): raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestine to absorb calcium from food, and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium.
Adrenal cortex
-glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol): stimulate tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein.
-mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone): promote reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys
adrenal medulla.
-gonadocorticoids: promote secondary sexual characteristics
Adrenal medulla
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
-fight-or-flight hormones
raise blood glucose levels
pancreas
-insulin lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the liver
-glucagon raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen to glucose
ovaries
estrogen stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes the development of the female
secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone promotes the growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions
testes
testosterone promotes sperm formation and development of the male secondary sexual
characteristics.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
aldosterone
regulate water reabsorption
by the kidneys
-ADH targets the nephrons of the kidneys,
causing the tubules to become more
permeable to water.
-
tropic hormones
means that their
targets are other endocrine glands.
Tropic hormones stimulate endocrine
glands.
cretinism
a condition that occurs when the thyroid fails to develop properly during childhood, the thyroid produces extremely low quantities of thyroxine, and the person is said to have severe hypothyroidism.
characteristics of individuals with cretinism/hypothyroidism
-stocky and shorter than average (cretinism)
-Adults with hypothyroidism tend to
feel tired much of the time, have a slow
pulse rate and puffy skin, and experience
hair loss and weight gain.
hyperthyroidism
Overproduction of thyroxine
Grave’s disease
Graves’ disease is a severe state of hyperthyroidism that
results when the body’s immune system
attacks the thyroid.
Islets of Langerhans
cluster of cells that secrete insulin and glucagon,
(which are antagonistic). The beta cells of the
pancreas secrete insulin, Glucagon,
secreted by the alpha cells
Diabetes mellitus
results when the
body does not produce enough insulin
or does not respond properly to insulin.
As a result, levels of blood glucose tend
to rise sharply after meals and remain
at significantly elevated levels.
Type 1 diabetes
the immune system produces antibodies
that attack and destroy the beta cells of
the pancreas. As a result, the beta cells
degenerate and are unable to produce
insulin
Type 2 diabetes
-the beta cells of the pancreas produce less
and less insulin over time. People who
are overweight have a greater chance of
developing type 2 diabetes.
-controlled with diet, exercise, and oral
medications.
