Ch. 13 - Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning

Question 1

___: making a decision or drawing a conclusion

Answer 1

Judgment

Question 2

___: cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information

Answer 2

Reasoning

Question 3

___: the process of choosing between alternatives

Answer 3

Decision

Question 4

___ Reasoning: the process of drawing general conclusions based on specific observations and evidence

Answer 4

Inductive

Question 5

One of the characteristics of inductive reasoning is that the conclusions we reach are probably, but not definitely, ___.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Example of Inductive Arguments:
1) ___: All the crows I’ve seen in Pittsburgh are totally black. When I visited my brother in Washington, DC, the crows I saw there were black too. 2) Conclusion: All crows are black.

Answer 6

Observation

Question 7

Example of Inductive Arguments:
1)Observation: All the crows I’ve seen in Pittsburgh are totally black. When I visited my brother in Washington, DC, the crows I saw there were black too. 2) ___: All crows are black.

Answer 7

Conclusion

Question 8

___ of observations. How well do the observations about a particular category represent all of the members of that category?

Answer 8

Representativeness

Question 9

___ of the evidence: stronger evidence results in stronger conclusions.

Answer 9

Quality

Question 10

Anytime we make a ___ about what will happen based on our observations about what has happened in the past, we are using inductive reasoning.

Answer 10

prediction

Question 11

___: provide us with shortcuts to help us generalize from specific experiences to broader judgments and conclusions

Answer 11

heuristics

Question 12

Inductive reasoning goes from ___ observations to general conclusions

Answer 12

specific

Question 13

___ Heuristic: states that events that more easily come to mind are judged as being more probable than events that are less easily recalled

Answer 13

Availability

Question 14

___ Correlations: occur when a relationship between two events appears to exist, but in reality, there is no relationship, or the relationship is much weaker than it is assumed to be

Answer 14

Illusory

Question 15

___: an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focus on the negative

Answer 15

Stereotype

Question 16

___ Rate: the relative proportion of different classes in the population

Answer 16

Base

Question 17

Conjunction Rule: states that the ___ of a conjunction of two events (A and B) cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents (A alone or B alone)

Answer 17

probability

Question 18

___ of Large Numbers: the larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population

Answer 18

Law

Question 19

___ Bias: people can evaluate evidence in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes

Answer 19

Myside

Question 20

___ Bias: occurs when people look for information that conforms to their hypothesis and ignore information that refutes it

Answer 20

Confirmation

Question 21

___ Effect: an individual’s support for a particular viewpoint could actually become stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint

Answer 21

Backfire

Question 22

Deductive Reasoning: we determine whether a conclusion ___ follows from statements

Answer 22

logically

Question 23

___ reasoning starts with specific cases and generalizes to broad principles

Answer 23

Inductive

Question 24

___ reasoning starts with broad principles to make logical predictions about specific cases

Answer 24

Deductive

Question 25

___: the basic form of deductive reasoning, which consists of two broad statements, or premises, followed by a third statement called the conclusion

Answer 25

Syllogism