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unit 5 bio > ch 13 meiosis > Flashcards

ch 13 meiosis Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

genes

A

units of heredity
segments of DNA
each gene has a specific locus (location) on a certain chromosome

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3
Q

chromosomal distribution of offsprinf

A

one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent (23)
so one set of genes is inherited per parent

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4
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells
sperm and egg
unite to pass genes to next gen

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5
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis or mitosis like processes

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6
Q

sexual reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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7
Q

binary fission

A

reproduction of prokaryotic cell
division into two parts which each have the potential to grow into regular sized cell

cell cycle but for prokaryotes
cell division

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8
Q

budding

A

a new organism grows from another
new organism remains attached as it grows and separates when mature
clone is created

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9
Q

fragmentation

A

organism is split into fragments
each fragment develops until mature
clones

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10
Q

regeneration

A

piece of parent is detached and can grow and develop into a completely new individual

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11
Q

spore formation

A

some plants and other organisms can reproduce asexually during some part of their life and form 2n sports that can develop directly into adult

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12
Q

sets of chromosomes in human cells

A

each human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs (23 pairs)
the pairs of chromosomes from a cell are organized into a karyotype

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13
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell other than a gamete

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14
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes in most pairs
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
similar but not identical

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15
Q

sister chromatids

A

replicated chromosomes have two sister chromatids
ecaxt copies

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16
Q

autosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes that do nor determine sex

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17
Q

n

A

represents number of chromosomes in a single set

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18
Q

meiosis

A

process that forms gametes
results in one set of chromosomes in each gamete
haploids

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19
Q

fertilizatrion

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A

the fusing of gametes
restores the diploid condition
forms a zygote

20
Q

spermatogenesis

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A

process by which diploid zygote from fermentation develops into an adult
all four cells produced in meiosis will become sperm

21
Q

a sperm is not a sperm until

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A

it has a full flagella
it can move

22
Q

oogenesis

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A

development of egg in ovaries
only one true egg forms and 3 other polar bodies form

23
Q

puberty and meiosis

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A

meiosis 1 begins during embryonic development but stops at prophase 1 until puberty
hormones in puberty reactivate oocytes and continue with each menstrual cycle
after meiosis 1 the haploid secondary oocyte initiates meiosis 11
this is also halted at metaphase 11 until fertilixatrion

24
Q

how do the three main types of sexual life cycles differ

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A

in the timing of meiosis and fertilization

25
alternation of generations
life cycle includes two multicellular generations or stages (one diploid and one haploid) diploid (sporophyte) makes haploid spores by meiosis and spores divide by mitosis into a haploid organism called a gametophyte —> makes gametes by mitosis
26
difference between types if cells that can undergo mitosis vs meiosis
either haploid or diploid can divide by mitosis but only diploid can undergo meiosis
27
cell division in meiosis
two sets of cell division meiosis 1 and meiosis 11 results in 4 daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as parent cell
28
meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes separate two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes
29
what precedes meiosis 1
interphase chromosomes are replicated to form sister chromatids
30
prophase 1
homologous chromosomes pair and form tetrad and exchange segments
31
metaphase 1
tetrads line up at metaphase plate with one chromosome facing each pole micorubules from one pole are attached to kinetochores of one duplicated chromosome of each tetrad microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochores of the other chromosome
32
anaphase 1
pairs of homologous chromosomes separate one chromosome moves toward each pole by spindles sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere
33
telophase 1 and cytokinesis
beginning of telophase, each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes and each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously forming two haploid daughter cells in animal cells cleavage furrows form, in plants a cell plate
34
meiosis II
sister chromatids separate results in four haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes
35
prophase II
spindle apparatus forms chromosomes move towards metaphase plate chromosomes are still two chromatids
36
metaphase 11
sister chromatids arranged at metaphase plate crossing over in meiosis 1 makes the two sister chromatids not identical kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the microtubules extending from opposite poles
37
anaphase 11
sister chromatids separate
38
telophase 11 and cytokinesis
chromosomes arrive at opposite poles nuclei form and chromosomes begin decondensing cytokinesis separates cytoplasm four daughter cells with haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes
39
mitosis vs meiosis
mitosis conserves number of chromosome sets, producing cells generically identical to parent cell meiosis reduces number of chromosomes sets from two to one and produce cells genetically different from parent
40
three events unique to meiosis
all three occur in meiosis1 synapsids and crossing over in prophase 1 : homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information at metaphase plate, there are paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads), instead of individual replicated chromosomes anaphase 1 homologous chromosomes separate not sis chroms
41
mitosis vs meiosis dna replication divisions synapsids and crossing over
during interphase for both one division vs two divisions does not occur vs form tetrads in prophase 1
42
mitosis v meiosis daughter cells, genetic comp role in animal body
two diploid, identical to parent cell vs four haploid, different from parent cell and each other produces cells for growth and tissue repair vs produces gametes
43
what three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation
independent assortment of chromosomes crossing over random fertilization
44
crossing over
produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine genes inherited from each parent homologous portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places begins very early in prophase 1, as homologous chromosomes pair up
45
random fertilization
any sperm can fuse with any ovum fusion of gametes produces a zygote with any of about 64 trillion diploid combinations each egg and sperm are different due to independent assortment

unit 5 bio (3 decks)

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