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Geomorphology > Ch. 13 - Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanism > Flashcards

Ch. 13 - Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanism Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of faults happen as a result of Tension deformation of crust?

A

Normal Faults (One side drops in respect to the other)

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2
Q

What kind of faults/formations can happen from Compression?

A

Reverse Faults, Folding

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3
Q

What kind of faults/formations occur as a result of Shear force (sliding past one another)?

A

Horizontal Bending, Strike-Slip Faults

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4
Q

What is an Anticline?

A

Upfolded rock strata in which layers slope downward from the axis of the fold, or central ridge

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5
Q

What is a Syncline?

A

A trough in folded strata, with beds that slope toward the axis of the downfold

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6
Q

What are the four ways that Crustal Formation can happen?

A
  1. Divergent – Oceanic/Oceanic, Continental/Continental
  2. Hot Spots
  3. Convergent – Oceanic/Oceanic, Oceanic/Continental
  4. Cratons + Terrane
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7
Q

What are the two causes of Earthquakes? How do they happen?

A

Elastic Rebound + Asperities (The small areas that are sticking points along a fault are points of high strain. When these sticking points break, they release the sides of the fault)

Foreshocks (A quake that precedes the main shock)

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8
Q

What is a Terrane?

A

A migrating piece of Earth’s crust, dragged about by processes of mantle convection and plate tectonics. Displaced terranes are distinct in their history, composition, and structure from the continents that accept them

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9
Q

What is a Craton?

A

A large stable block of the earth’s crust forming the nucleus of a continent.

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10
Q

What is the instrument used to measure earthquakes?

A

Seismometer

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11
Q

What kind of waves are created from Earthquakes releasing energy?

A

Seismic Waves

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12
Q

What are the two types of Seismic Waves?

A

Body Wave

Surface Waves

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Body Waves?

A

Radiate out at the same time

  • P wave (Primary) This wave will be recorded first/travels faster/ more direct
  • S wave (Secondary) Same origin, but not as direct due to up and down motion
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Surface Waves?

A

They travel along the earth’s surface, but have the same origin. They move slower than Body Waves

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15
Q

What is the “Focus” of an earthquake?

A

The focus is the point within the earth where seismic waves originate; it is centered on the part of the fault that has the greatest movement

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16
Q

What is the “Epicenter” of an earthquake?

A

Is the point on the earth’s surface directly above the Focus of the earthquake

17
Q

What are the three methods of measuring earthquakes?

A

Richter Scale

Modified Mercalli Scale

Moment Magnitude Scale

18
Q

How does a Richter Scale work?

A

Oldest method; done by looking at amplitude on a seismometer.

Each number increase is a tenfold increase in wave amplitude

19
Q

How does a Moment Magnitude Scale work?

A

Involves Rock Rigidity + Fault Area + Slip Distance

20
Q

How does a Modified Mercalli Scale work?

A

Measures the intensity of an earthquake.
Measured by the damage of infrastructure, and effect on human beings

Usually on a scale of 1 to 12

21
Q

What are the main effects of earthquakes?

A
  • Ground motion (doesn’t necessarily harm people)
  • Falling objects/debris (this is the aspect that actually harms people)
  • Fire/Gas leaks
  • Landslides
  • Liquefaction
  • Tsunamis
22
Q

What is a Megathrust Earthquake?

A

An earthquake with a magnitude above 9.0. These are said to happen roughly once every 500 years in the PNW region of North America.

The last Megathrust happened January 26th 1700

23
Q

What are the three types of magma?

A

Rhyolitic (Highest silica content, has high viscosity)

Andesitic (hardens quickly when it reaches the surface)

Basaltic (least amount of Silica; magma is very liquidy and flowy)

24
Q

What are the two main types of Lava?

A

Pahoehoe

Aa

25
Q

What are the three types of Volcanoes?

A

Composite/Stratovolcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Cinder-Cone Volcanoes

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Stratovolcanoes?

A

Steep sides

Cone-shaped/ most iconic looking

“Strato” means layers. These volcanoes are layered in pyroclastics (fire+fragments)

27
Q

What are the characteristics of Shield Volcanoes?

A

Wider, flatter than Stratovolcanoes

Gentler slope which covers a very large area

Kilauea in Hawaii is a Shield Volcano

28
Q

What are the characteristics of Cinder Cone Volcanoes?

A

The smallest types of Volcanoes

Usually only erupt once or twice

ex: Pu’u ka Pele in Hawaii

29
Q

What is a “Lahar”?

A

A mudslide of Volcanic origin. They happen when ice and snow melt off of a mountain, and rush down the volcanic slope. Debris and water can mix and be extremely dangerous to people below.

30
Q

What is a “Caldera”?

A

An interior sunken portion of a composite volcano’s crater; usually steep-sided and circular, sometimes containing a lake; also can be found in conjunction with shield volcanoes

ex: Crater Lake in Oregon

31
Q

What’s a “Geyser”?

A

Geyser, hot spring that intermittently spouts jets of steam and hot water.

Geysers result from the heating of groundwater by shallow bodies of magma. They are generally associated with areas that have seen past volcanic activity

32
Q

What is the difference between a Hot Spring and a Geyser?

A

Geysers have an obstruction in their hydrothermal plumbing near the surface.

Hot springs are able to flow freely

33
Q

What are some positive effects of Volcanoes?

A

Tourism

Fertile soil

Scientific research

Creation of new land

Geothermal Energy

34
Q

What is the VEI? What does it do?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

It is used to determine the intensity and magnitude of volcanic eruptions

35
Q

What is the VEI measured by?

A
  1. Amount of material ejected by the eruption, and how high the material is projected
  2. Duration of the eruption
36
Q

What magnitude of eruption is classified as a Supervolcano?

A
  1. 0 on the VEI scale

ex: Yellowstone

Geomorphology (6 decks)

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