Ch. 14

Question 1

Two organisms live together in a close partnership

Answer 1

Symbiotic

Question 2

Obligatory, dependent symbiotic relationship; both members benefit

Answer 2

Mutualism

Question 3

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, other is not harmed or benefited

Answer 3

Commensalism

Question 4

Symbiotic relationship where one organism is dependent and benefits (parasite), other organism (host) is harmed

Answer 4

Parasitism

Question 5

Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival

Answer 5

Non-symbiotic

Question 6

Non-symbiotic relationship where members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone

Answer 6

Synergism

Question 7

Non-symbiotic relationship where actions of one organism affect the success of survival of others in the same community (competition).

Answer 7

Antagonism

Question 8

What is a contaminant?

Answer 8

An impurity/undesirable material or organism

Question 9

Presence of bacteria on a body surface without causing disease; invasion of new habitat by a new species; presence and multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage-colonies develop when a bacterial fell begins reproducing

Answer 9

Colonization

Question 10

Condition where pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

Answer 10

Infection

Question 11

What is a pathologic state?

Answer 11

When cumulative effects of infection cause damage; disruption of tissues and organs; results in disease

Question 12

What is an infectious disease?

Answer 12

Disruption of tissues/organs caused by microbes or their products

Question 13

Large and diverse collection of microbes living in and in the body; aka resident/indigenous it normal flora; include bacteria,fungi, protozoa, and viruses

Answer 13

Normal biota

Question 14

What have differences in the gut microbiome been associated with?

Answer 14

Heart disease, asthma, autism, rheumatoid arthritis, even thoughts moods mental illness

Question 15

What were the results of the human microbiome project?

Answer 15

22,000 protein encoding genes in human cells
8 million in microbes that inhabit humans
We have lots microbes in places we used to think sterile
All healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens (but in low #’s)

Question 16

What are benefits of normal biota?

Answer 16

Influence development of organs; prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

Question 17

The general antagonistic effect that good microbes have against intruder microorganisms. Microbes in a steady, established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes

Answer 17

Microbial antagonism

Question 18

Infections caused by biota already in the body

Answer 18

Endogenous

Question 19

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic

Answer 19

Pathogen

Question 20

An organism’s potential to cause infection or disease

Answer 20

Pathogenicity

Question 21

True vs opportunistic pathogens

Answer 21

True-can cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses

Opportunistic-cause disease when host’s defenses are compromised/when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

Question 22

What is virulence?

Answer 22

Severity of disease caused by microorganism

Question 23

To reduce the virulence of a pathogenic bacterium or virus by passing it through a non-native host or by long-term subculture

Answer 23

Attenuate

Question 24

Secreted by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms. Break down and inflict damage on tissues. Dissolve host’s defense barriers and promote spread of microbes into deeper tissues

Answer 24

Exoenzymes

Question 25

Specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

Answer 25

Toxin

Question 26

Differences between exotoxins and endotoxins?

Answer 26

Exotoxins: secreted by living bacterial cell to infected tissues; many types; ex: hemolysin Endotoxins: not actively secreted; made of phospholipid-polysaccharide complex; shed from outer membrane; only found in gram-negative bacteria

Question 27

Example of an exotoxins; Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing release of hemoglobin

Answer 27

Hemolysin

Question 28

Process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues; dependent on binding between specific molecules on both the host and pathogen because pathogen limited to cells/organisms it can bind to; once attached, pathogen can invade body compartments

Answer 28

Adhesion

Question 29

When does a secondary infection occur?

Answer 29

Occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe

Question 30

Acute vs chronic infections

Answer 30

Acute-happen rapidly, short-lived effects | Chronic-progress and persist over long period of time

Question 31

Increase in the level of white blood cells

Answer 31

Leukocytosis

Question 32

Decrease in the level of white blood cells

Answer 32

Leukopenia

Question 33

General stare in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

Answer 33

Septicemia

Question 34

Small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not multiplying

Answer 34

Bacteremia

Question 35

Presence of viruses in the blood, whether or not they are actively multiplying

Answer 35

Viremia

Question 36

Infections that go unnoticed

Answer 36

Asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent- host is infected but does not manifest the disease; patient experiences no symptoms;

Question 37

Time from initial contact with infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms

Answer 37

Incubation period

Question 38

When earliest notable symptoms of infection appear

Answer 38

Prodromal period

Question 39

Infectious agent multiplied at high levels and exhibits greatest virulence

Answer 39

Period of invasion

Question 40

Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline

Answer 40

Convalescent stage

Question 41

Dormant state of an infectious agent; microbe can periodically become active and provide recurrent disease

Answer 41

Latency

Question 42

Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues

Answer 42

Sequelae

Question 43

Three methods of control of communicable and contagious diseases

Answer 43

Isolation, quarantine, vector control (like mosquitos)

Question 44

4 categories of disease duration

Answer 44

1) acute 2) chronic 3) sub-acute (gradual onset, almost always fatal) 4) latent (remain in host after symptoms disappear)

Question 45

What is the etiologic agent?

Answer 45

Causative agent

Question 46

Developed standard for determining causation of disease and he determined causative agent of anthrax

Answer 46

Robert Koch

Question 47

A series of proofs that established the principal criteria for etiologic studies

Answer 47

Koch's postulates

Question 48

What were Koch's 4 postulates?

Answer 48

1) find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease 2) isolate the microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it artificially in lab 3) inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the lab isolate and observe the resulting disease 4) re-isolate the agent from this subject