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Microbiology 260 Lecture > Ch. 14 > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Two organisms live together in a close partnership

A

Symbiotic

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2
Q

Obligatory, dependent symbiotic relationship; both members benefit

A

Mutualism

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3
Q

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, other is not harmed or benefited

A

Commensalism

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4
Q

Symbiotic relationship where one organism is dependent and benefits (parasite), other organism (host) is harmed

A

Parasitism

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5
Q

Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival

A

Non-symbiotic

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6
Q

Non-symbiotic relationship where members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone

A

Synergism

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7
Q

Non-symbiotic relationship where actions of one organism affect the success of survival of others in the same community (competition).

A

Antagonism

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8
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

An impurity/undesirable material or organism

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9
Q

Presence of bacteria on a body surface without causing disease; invasion of new habitat by a new species; presence and multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage-colonies develop when a bacterial fell begins reproducing

A

Colonization

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10
Q

Condition where pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

A

Infection

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11
Q

What is a pathologic state?

A

When cumulative effects of infection cause damage; disruption of tissues and organs; results in disease

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12
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Disruption of tissues/organs caused by microbes or their products

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13
Q

Large and diverse collection of microbes living in and in the body; aka resident/indigenous it normal flora; include bacteria,fungi, protozoa, and viruses

A

Normal biota

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14
Q

What have differences in the gut microbiome been associated with?

A

Heart disease, asthma, autism, rheumatoid arthritis, even thoughts moods mental illness

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15
Q

What were the results of the human microbiome project?

A

22,000 protein encoding genes in human cells
8 million in microbes that inhabit humans
We have lots microbes in places we used to think sterile
All healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens (but in low #’s)

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16
Q

What are benefits of normal biota?

A

Influence development of organs; prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

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17
Q

The general antagonistic effect that good microbes have against intruder microorganisms. Microbes in a steady, established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes

A

Microbial antagonism

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18
Q

Infections caused by biota already in the body

A

Endogenous

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19
Q

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic

A

Pathogen

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20
Q

An organism’s potential to cause infection or disease

A

Pathogenicity

21
Q

True vs opportunistic pathogens

A

True-can cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses

Opportunistic-cause disease when host’s defenses are compromised/when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

22
Q

What is virulence?

A

Severity of disease caused by microorganism

23
Q

To reduce the virulence of a pathogenic bacterium or virus by passing it through a non-native host or by long-term subculture

A

Attenuate

24
Q

Secreted by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms. Break down and inflict damage on tissues. Dissolve host’s defense barriers and promote spread of microbes into deeper tissues

A

Exoenzymes

25
Q

Specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

A

Toxin

26
Q

Differences between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

Exotoxins: secreted by living bacterial cell to infected tissues; many types; ex: hemolysin

Endotoxins: not actively secreted; made of phospholipid-polysaccharide complex; shed from outer membrane; only found in gram-negative bacteria

27
Q

Example of an exotoxins; Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing release of hemoglobin

A

Hemolysin

28
Q

Process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues; dependent on binding between specific molecules on both the host and pathogen because pathogen limited to cells/organisms it can bind to; once attached, pathogen can invade body compartments

A

Adhesion

29
Q

When does a secondary infection occur?

A

Occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe

30
Q

Acute vs chronic infections

A

Acute-happen rapidly, short-lived effects

Chronic-progress and persist over long period of time

31
Q

Increase in the level of white blood cells

A

Leukocytosis

32
Q

Decrease in the level of white blood cells

A

Leukopenia

33
Q

General stare in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

A

Septicemia

34
Q

Small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not multiplying

A

Bacteremia

35
Q

Presence of viruses in the blood, whether or not they are actively multiplying

A

Viremia

36
Q

Infections that go unnoticed

A

Asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent- host is infected but does not manifest the disease; patient experiences no symptoms;

37
Q

Time from initial contact with infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms

A

Incubation period

38
Q

When earliest notable symptoms of infection appear

A

Prodromal period

39
Q

Infectious agent multiplied at high levels and exhibits greatest virulence

A

Period of invasion

40
Q

Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline

A

Convalescent stage

41
Q

Dormant state of an infectious agent; microbe can periodically become active and provide recurrent disease

A

Latency

42
Q

Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues

A

Sequelae

43
Q

Three methods of control of communicable and contagious diseases

A

Isolation, quarantine, vector control (like mosquitos)

44
Q

4 categories of disease duration

A

1) acute
2) chronic
3) sub-acute (gradual onset, almost always fatal)
4) latent (remain in host after symptoms disappear)

45
Q

What is the etiologic agent?

A

Causative agent

46
Q

Developed standard for determining causation of disease and he determined causative agent of anthrax

A

Robert Koch

47
Q

A series of proofs that established the principal criteria for etiologic studies

A

Koch’s postulates

48
Q

What were Koch’s 4 postulates?

A

1) find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease
2) isolate the microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it artificially in lab
3) inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the lab isolate and observe the resulting disease
4) re-isolate the agent from this subject

Microbiology 260 Lecture (7 decks)

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