CH 14: Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

Acidosis

Answer 1

an acid-base imbalance characterized by an increase in H+ concentration (decreased blood pH).

Question 2

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 2

A low arterial pH due to reduced bicarbonate concentration.

Question 3

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 3

A low arterial pH due to increased PCO2.

Question 4

Active transport

Answer 4

physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; requires ATP for energy.

Question 5

Alkalosis

Answer 5

an acid-base imbalance characterized by a reduction in H+ concentration (increased blood pH).

Question 6

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 6

A high arterial pH with increased bicarbonate concentration.

Question 7

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 7

A high arterial pH due to reduced PCO2.

Question 8

Diffusion

Answer 8

the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; does not require expenditure of energy.
Ex: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli and the tendency of sodium to move from the ECF compartment, where the sodium concentration is high, to the ICF, where its concentration is low.

Question 9

Homeostasis

Answer 9

maintenance of a constant internal equilibrium in a biologic system that involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

Question 10

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 10

the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the fore resulting from cardiac contraction.

Question 11

Hypertonic solution

Answer 11

A solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum.

Question 12

Hypotonic solution

Answer 12

a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum.

Question 13

Isotonic solution

Answer 13

A solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids. Osmolality falls within normal range for serum; 280-300 mOsm/kg.

Question 14

Osmolality

Answer 14

the number of osmoles per kilogram of solution. Used to evaluate serum and urine.

Question 15

Osmolarity

Answer 15

the number of osmoles per liter of solution; describes the concentration of solutes or dissolved particles.

Question 16

Osmosis

Answer 16

the process by which fluid moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration; the process continues until the solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.

Question 17

Tonicity

Answer 17

• fluid tension within the extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid that describes the relationship between the solutes and water, primarily determined by fluid osmolality.
• is the ability of all the solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another.

Question 18

S/S of 3rd spacing

Answer 18

decreased urine output despite adequate fluid intake
increased hr
decreased BP
decreased central venous pressure
edema
increased body weight
I/O imbalance

Question 19

3rd spacing

Answer 19

loss of ECF into a space that does not contribute to equilibrium between the ICF and the ECF.

Question 20

3rd spacing is common in patient’s with….

Answer 20

hypocalcemia
decreased iron intake
severe liver diseases
alcoholism
hypothyroidism
malabsorption
immobility
burns
cancer

Question 21

Major cations in body fluids are….

Answer 21

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
hysdriogen

Question 22

Major anions of body fluids are…

Answer 22

chloride
bicarbonate
phosphate
sulfate
proteinante ions

Question 23

Osmotic pressure

Answer 23

the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. It is primarily determined by the concentration of solutes.

Question 24

Oncotic pressure

Answer 24

The osmotic pressure exerted by proteins. (albumin)

Question 25

Osmotic diuresis

Answer 25

the increase in urine output caused by the excretion of substances such as glucose, mannitol, or contrast agents in the urine.

Question 26

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 26

actively moves sodium from the cell into the ECF. Potassium is also pumped into the cell.

Question 27

Chief solutes in sweat are...

Answer 27

Sodium Chloride Potassium

Question 28

Osmolality measures....

Answer 28

the solute concentration per kilogram in blood and urine. It is also a measure of a solution's ability to create osmotic pressure and affect the movement of water.

Question 29

Urine osmolality is determined by....

Answer 29

urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

Question 30

Serum osmolality primarily reflects...

Answer 30

the concentration of sodium, although blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose also play a major role in determining serum osmolality.

Question 31

Normal osmolality in health adults

Answer 31

Serum osmolality is 280-300 mOsm/kg | Urine osmolality is 200-800 mOsm/kg

Question 32

Urine specific gravity

Answer 32

Measures the kidneys' ability to excrete or conserve water. Normal range of urine specific gravity is 1.010 to 1.025.

Question 33

Factors that increase BUN

Answer 33

``` decreased renal function GI bleeding dehydration increased protein intake fever sepsis ```

Question 34

Factors that decrease BUN

Answer 34

end-stage liver disease low-protein diet starvation any condition that results in expanded fluid volume (pregnancy)

Question 35

Normal serum creatinine

Answer 35

0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL | Levels increase as renal function decreases.

Question 36

Hematocrit

Answer 36

measures the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood and normally ranges from 42% to 52% men; 35% to 47% women.

Question 37

Major functions of the kidney in maintaining normal fluid balance include the following:

Answer 37

- regulation of ECF volume and osmolality by selective retention and excretion of body fluids. - regulation of normal electrolyte levels in the ECF by selective electrolyte retention and excretion - regulation of pH of the ECF by retention of hydrogen ions - Excretion of metabolic wastes and toxic substances.

Question 38

ADH

Answer 38

- manufactured by the hypothalamus | - is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and released as needed to conserve water.

Question 39

Aldosterone

Answer 39

- a mineralocorticoid - secreted by the zona glomerulosa (outer zone) of the adrenal cortex - has profound effect on fluid balance - increased secretion causes sodium retention and potassium loss - decreased secretion causes sodium and water loss and potassium retention

Question 40

Parathyroid glands

Answer 40

- embedded in the thyroid gland - regulate calcium and phosphate balance by means of PTH - PTH influences bone resorption, calcium absorption from the intestines, and calcium reabsorption from the renal tubules.