Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Completed > Ch 14 Nonspecific Defenses > Flashcards

Ch 14 Nonspecific Defenses Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe the 1st line of host defense

A

Nonspecific; includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the 2nd line of host defense

A

Nonspecific cellular and chemical immunity; internalized system of protective cells and fluids that include the inflammatory response and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the 3rd line of host defense

A

Specific; immune response; highly specific immunity acquired on an individual basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3rd line of defense is only found in what type of organism

A

only vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 general types of nonspecific barriers

A

genetic, physical, & chemical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 examples of physical barriers

A

unbroken skin, mucous membranes, cilliary escalator, nasal hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

6 examples of chemical barriers (chemical arsenal)

A

lysozyme, salt, acids, bile, oil, “other antimicrobial chemicals”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does lysozyme work?

A

hydrolyzes the beta 1-4 glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What types of cells will salt have the least effect on?

A

halophiles, large cocci, gram +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

immunology is the study of _____

A

the study of all features of the body’s 2nd and 3rd line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 2 things function as cell surface receptors

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins; self vs nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RES (reticuloendothelial system)

A

a support network of connective tissue fibers (reticulum) that interconnect nearby cells and meshes with the massive connective tissue network of all organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RES provides a niche for _____

A

phagocytic WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid; contained in the spaces that surround tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lymphatic system

A

compartmentalized network of vessels, cell and specialized accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lymph

A

a plasma like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymph nodes

A

glands, small encapsulated bean shaped organs; filter lymph, lymphocyte storage sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

spleen

A

filter blood, NOT LYMPH lymphocyte storage site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thymus

A

site of T cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

circulatory system components

A

heart, vessels, etc (not lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Whole blood

A

liquid consists of blood cells suspended in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

serum

A

clear fluid from clotted blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells; begins in the yolk | sac-->liver-->red bone marrow (in spongy bone)
26
stem cells
undifferentiated cells; can become almost any cell in the body
27
What does an RBC do
carry O2 and CO2
28
platelets
involved in clotting and inflammation
29
myeloblast forms what 2 major types of cells
mast cells and granulocytes
30
what are the granulocytes
neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
31
monoblast forms what type of cell
monocyte
32
monocyte forms what 2 cells
macrophage and dendritic cell
33
what is a myeloblast
WBC or leukocyte forming cell
34
Why are they called granulocytes
have granules that stain a characteristic way
35
what are granules
a mixture of toxic substances that release phagocytosis
36
what is the most important granulocyte
neutrophils
37
describe the neutrophil
most common; 50-90% of circulating WBC; produce toxic chemicals, do phagocytosis in early stages
38
describe basophil
scarcest; similar to mast cells but motile; function in inflammatory events and allergies
39
describe eosinophils
accumulate early at sites of infection and attract other WBC to release chemical mediators
40
eosinophils are active in large _____
eukaryotic infections like worm and fungal infections, allergy and inflammatory reactions
41
what are mast cells
non motile; 1st line defenders against local invasion of pathogens, recruit other inflammatory cells by releasing chemicals that cause + chemotaxis, trigger local inflammatory reactions, responsible for allergic symptoms, release of histamine, etc
42
what is a monocyte
agranulocyte; 3rd most common, 3-7%, rapidly leave circulation and mature into macrophage or dendritic cell
43
macrophage
largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells, wandering, motile, mop up messes, migrate out of blood stream, participate in specific immunity as an APC
44
dendritic cells
cells that have elongated pseudopods (dendrites); participate in specific immunity as an APC
45
APC
antigen presenting cell; will process foreign epitopes and display them among their MHC
46
what is a lymphoblast
lymphocyte forming cell
47
describe lymphocytes
2nd most common WBC, 20-30%; circulating WBC, cells involved in the specific immunity; agranulocytes
48
lymphocytes become what 2 cells
T cells and B cells
49
What are T cells
mature in the thymus; assist B cells and cause infected host cell apoptosis; cell mediated immunity (cell wars)
50
what is apoptosis
cell programmed death; tells cell to commit suicide
51
T cells can become what 4 types of cells
helper T cell, cytotoxic T cell, suppressor T cell, or memory T cell
52
describe B cells
mature in the RBM; differentiate into plasma cells and B memory cells to form antibodies in humoral immunity
53
describe natural killer cells
active against cancerous or virally infected cells
54
rubor
redness
55
calor
heat
56
tumor
swelling
57
dolor
pain
58
injury causes _____
injury--> vasoconstriction--> release of cytokines
59
vasodialtion causes
vasodilation--> increased blood flow--> increase vascular permeability--> leakage of plasma into tissues (exudate formation)
60
what is exudate
fluid that has leaked
61
edema
infiltration of site by neutrophils and accumulation of pus
62
histamines cause
cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, increase mucus production, release of mast cells
63
diapedesis
WBC migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces
64
pus
whitish mass of cells, liquefied cell debris and bacteria
65
pyogenic
pus forming bacteria
66
what is + chemotaxis
phagocytes are drawn to the site of an injury by chemicals that are released by mast cells (mobilization)
67
phagosome
vesicle created by phagocytosis
68
what do granules release into the phagolysosome
reactive oxygen products: H2O2, O2-, OH-, and other powerful antimicrobial chemicals
69
phagolysosome
the combination of the phagosome and lysosome
70
lysosome
contain digestive enzymes
71
what are the metabolic changes that occur in a recently phagocytosis participating cell
switch to fermentation, create lactic acid, drops pH, digestive enzymes function at a higher level. The cell can then work at a 10x increase in effectiveness for the next victim
72
what 2 bacteria can hide in a WBC as an intracellular parasite
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella typhi
73
what 2 bacteria are resistant to phagocytosis and whay
Staph aureus and Mycobacterium leprae are highly resistant because they produce many leukocidins
74
what are indogenous pyrogens and name 2
originating internally; released by monocytes in response to an endotoxin or interleukins released by T cells
75
interleukins
released by T cells
76
exogenous pyrogens
coming from outside the body. Ex: gram - endotoxin (The endotoxin itself causes the fever)
77
pyrogenic
fever causing
78
what are 3 benefits of a fever
speeds up everything: accelerate the response; inhibit growth of temperature sensitive microbes; impedes release of iron by macrophages and that affects bacterial nutrition
79
what is interferon (IFN)
small protein produced by WBC and tissue cells in response to viruses and cancer cells.
80
what can IFN inhibit
the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects
81
what are complement proteins
consist of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and certain viruses
82
what are iron binding proteins
proteins that sequester iron in the body, making it less available for microbial nutrition
83
what are antimicrobial peptides
short proteins that insert themselves into prokaryotic membranes and kill the bacteria; might be the new age of therapeutic drugs (similar to antiseptics)

Completed (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions