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Psychology 101 > Ch 14 Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Ch 14 Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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0
Q

Who studied rejection?

A

Philips

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1
Q

What percentage of people suffer from chronic depression?

A

7%

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2
Q

Explain the 5 steps of rejection according to Philips

A

Seek no help=no rejection
Seek help from clergy=no rejection
Seek help from G.P=some rejection
Seek help from phychiatrist= feeling rejected
So mental patient is the final stage of rejection
Basically if you seek help from a professional, you are stigmatized

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3
Q

What 3 things does mental illness represent of normal behaviour?

A

Distortions, exaggerations, and impoverishments

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4
Q

Define three reasons why we study abnormal behaviour

A

To describe and diagnose, to find causes, to predict behaviours, and to treat or modify behaviours

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5
Q

What is etiology?

A

To study the causation and developmental history of an illness

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6
Q

What does the medical model say about mental illness?

A

That it is a disease

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7
Q

What 3 criteria are used to judge abnormality?

A

Deviance, maladaptive behaviour, personal distress

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8
Q

How easy is it to distinguish between normality and abnormality?

A

It is very difficult

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9
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

The coexistence of two or more disorders

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10
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period

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11
Q

What are the 5 major types of exited disorders?

A

Generalized, phobic, panic & agoraphobia, odd, and ptsd

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12
Q

What are the chief symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Chronic, high levels of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat. Worrying about minor issues such as illness, finances, and work. Today’s and tomorrow’s problems

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13
Q

What are the chief symptoms of phobic disorder?

A

Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Eg. Claustrophobia, hydrophobia

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14
Q

What are the chief symptoms of panic disorder and agoraphobia?

A

Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly. Agoraphobia is manifested when individuals are afraid to have panic attacks in public so they stay in their homes

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15
Q

What are the chief symptoms of ocd?

A

Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in rituals.

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16
Q

What are the chief symptoms of ptsd?

A

Re-experiencing the event in nightmares, flashbacks,emotional numbing

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17
Q

What does the medical model say about abnormal behaviour?

A

That it’s always from the tissues/biological, that it is easily diagnosed, and that it is easily treated

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18
Q

What are the 4 ways we define abnormality?

A

Subjective discomfort, social non-conformity, legal criteria, and professional definition.

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19
Q

What is wrong about defining abnormality by means of subjective discomfort? What things are we missing?

A

Peoples reaction may differ, ignores social consequences of disturbances, many be transient, accuracy of how you can describe how you’re feeling

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20
Q

What is wrong about defining abnormality by means of social non-conformity? What things are we missing?

A

What about criminality and cultural relativity? What about people who completely conform?

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21
Q

What is wrong about defining abnormality by legal criteria? What things are we missing?

A

How do you assess criminal responsibility? Does the person have co,potency to make decisions?

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22
Q

What is wrong about defining abnormality by means of professional definition? What things are we missing?

A

Uses medical model, so we’re missing other parts like culture, and socialization

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23
Q

If referring to university students, what three things would define abnormality for you?

A

Intelligibility: understands behaviour and thoughts

consistency: can you predict what you’ll be doing in the future
control: can you inhibit and impulse

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24
Identify 4 disorders that start in the tissues
Brain damage, hypoglycaemia, and calcium deficiency
25
What are the 2 types of brain damage and how do they occur?
Generalized: aging, alcohol, poisonings Specialized: abscess, tumour, trauma
26
What is a psychodiatetic abnormality?
What you eat is affecting your mood
27
Why are upper classes given a better diagnosis and treatment? define 3 reasons
Poverty, stress diathesis (predisposition and occupation are interrelated) and prenatal care
28
Why are people naturally anxious?
We do t like the idea of injury or death, we are uncertain of alliances, and we are worried that we have no purpose
29
What are the ways normal people deal with natural anxiety?
We use our science and medical equipment to prevent or help being sick. We create relationship contracts, and we attempt to refute the idea that we have no purpose by religion and theories
30
What are the 3 collective traits of people with anxiety disorders?
High levels of negative emotion, send of lack of control, and shift to self focus and preoccupation
31
How does a person with a phobia deal with their worries?
Avoid phobia
32
How do people with ocd handle their anxiety?
Following rituals
33
What is a conversion reaction when referring to anxiety disorders?
Anxiety is so bad that it manifests as physical symptoms
34
What are three biological factors of anxiety disorders?
Inhibited temperament, anxiety sensitivity, and possibly neurotransmitter activity at the gaba synapses
35
True or false many anxiety responses may be acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
True
36
Explain Martin Seligman's concept of preparedness
People are biologically prepared by Evolution to acquire some fears more easily than others.
37
What are the criticisms of models of phobias?
Many people would phobias don't recall dramatic conditioning, features can be acquired indirectly
38
True or false anxiety has a week genetic predisposition?
True
39
Explain the cognitive factors of an anxiety disorder
Believing that there are threats around every corner of their lives, negative thinking
40
What are schizophrenic disorders characterized by?
Deterioration of adaptive behaviour, irrational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and disturbed mood
41
What are the three types of schizophrenia?
Paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated. There's also the negative and positive type, referring to lack of or excess of behavioural peculiarities
42
What is a prognosis?
Forecast about the probably course of an illness
43
What is epidemiology?
The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders In a population
44
What are the three criteria of abnormal behaviour that Tomas Szasz believes in?
Deviance, maladaptive behaviour, and personal distress
45
What is a concordance rate?
The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder
46
What is anxiety sensitivity?
Being aware of the symptoms of anxiety and being greatly disturbed by them, making them worse
47
Many anxiety disorders may be acquired through ________ conditioning and maintained through ________ conditioning
Classical, operant
48
What is classical conditioning?
When a stimulus is paired with a frightening event, causing them to get anxiety when the stimulus is present
49
What is operant conditioning?
Once the person avoids the stimulus that causes them anxiety, they get negative reinforcement, because avoiding the stimulus gives them a reduction in anxiety
50
What is a dissociative disorder?
Where a person loses contact with parts of their consciousness or memory, causing problems with their sense of identity
51
What are the three types of dissociative disorders?
Dissociative amnesia, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative fugue
52
What happening in so,some with dissociative amnesia, and when is it likely to occur?
The have a sudden loss of memory for important personal information, it's likely to occur after a traumatic event
53
If a panic attack is cued, how does it happen, and how can you help someone suffering from one?
Trigger--> threat --> changes --> feeling of catastrophic things. You can suggest safety and help them regain control
54
True or false, generalized anxiety disorder is the chronic phase that may lead to panic attacks
True
55
When referring to ptsd, which type of traumas cause worse reactions, humans behaviour or natural disasters?
Human behaviour
56
True or false, phobias are an attempt at self cure?
True
57
What is worse, simple or social phobias? What is the difference between them?
Social are worse, because they are difficult to avoid. The difference is that social is about being assessed, where as simple phobias are typically objects
58
True or false, compulsions can be present without obsessions?
False
59
Can OCD be triggered by high stress?
Yes
60
What are somatoform disorders?
Anxiety disorders transform to a physical form
61
What is body dismorphic disorder?
Excessive exaggerated attitude towards a body part
62
What is münchhausen syndrome?
Lies for admission to hospitals, it's to gain attention of sympathy
63
What is münchhausen syndrome by proxy?
Inducing symptoms in others and planning to save them heroically
64
What is dissociative fugue?
People lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity
65
what is dissociative identity disorder?
He coexistence In one person of two or more very different personalities
66
What is the etiology of dissociative identity disorder?
Therapists encouragement, severe emotional trauma as a child, abuse
67
What biological factors have been implicated in mood disorders?
Genetic vulnerability, changes in neuro chemical activity, reduced hippocampal volume , suppressed neurogenesis
68
What are the principal mood disorders, and what are their symptoms?
Major depressive disorder= persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources if pleasure Bipolar disorders= experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression
69
What is cyclothymic disorder?
When one exhibits chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance
70
What are mood disorders?
Disorders characterized by emotional disturbances or varied kinds that may spill over into perceptual, social, physical, and thought processes
71
What is dysthymic disorder?
Chris depression that consists of chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of major depressive disorder
72
How do cognitive processes contribute to depressive disorders?
Negative thinking Constant worry about ones problems Pessimistic explanatory style
73
What is schizophrenia?
Disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, deterioration of adaptive behaviour
74
What are the four subtypes of schizophrenic disorders wand what are their chief symptoms?
Paranoid type- dominated by delusions of persecutions and thinking they're famous Catatonic type- striking motor disturbances, like random muscular activity Disorganized type- severe deterioration of adaptive behaviour Undifferentiated type- idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms
75
Explain the negative and positive symptom categorization of schizophrenia
Negative symptoms are deficits like flattened emotions, social withdrawal, impaired attention Positive symptoms are excesses, like hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behaviour
76
What is the etiology of schizophrenia?
Genetic vulnerability, changes in neurotransmitter activity at dopamine synapses, enlarged ventricles
77
What is expressed emotion and how does it tie into schizophrenia?
The degree to which a relativ of a schizophrenic patient displays holy critical or overinvolved attitudes toward the patient. Higher EE can lead to higher rates of relapse
78
What are the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder and what is its etiology?
Impulsive, manipulative, and aggressive behaviour, maladaptive behaviour that reflects failure to accept social norms. Etiology- genetic vulnerability, autonomic reactivity, inadequate socialization
79
What is The insanity defence?
A legal term applied to People who cannot be held accountable for their behaviour because they have a mental illness. Used less frequently than most people would think
80
What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?
Intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, and dangerous measures to lose weight
81
What are the chief characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
Out of control over eating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise
82
Does Thomas Szasz believe that mental illness is defined by behaviour ip that deviates from social norms?
Yes
83
What are conversion reactions characterized by?
Rapid onset and rapid disappearance La belle difference: they seem indifferent to the symptoms
84
True or false, conversion reactions are somatoform disorders?
True
85
True or false, DID personalities typically take an Id, ego, and super ego form
True
86
What is iatrogenesis?
Physician and treatment caused problems
87
What are the reasons that someone may develop DID?
has roots in abuse, to not be there in abuse
88
What did Hippocrates say about depression?
Is melancholia, you need to study the person
89
What did Plato say about depression? (Hint: we use this today)
Study disease process. The disease is a pathological condition. Illness is a response to a pathological condition
90
When the episodes of mood are extreme, they are...?
Affective or mood disorders
91
Give 5 examples of environmental factors of depression
``` Individualistic society Erosion of faith Neurotoxin Lost confidence in government Mobility (jobs making you move) ```
92
What is reactive depression?
Depression that sparks from an event
93
What is endogenous depression?
Occurs for no obvious reason
94
What is clinical depression based on?
Frequency, intensity, and duration of symptoms are out of proportion to the situation
95
Does someone who has depression have an internal or external locus of control in terms of success and negative outcomes?
Success is luck | Negative outcomes are personal factors
96
Explain the learned helplessness theory
Depression occurs when people expect that something bad will happen and they think that they can't do anything about them
97
What is dissociative amnesia?
Sudden loss of personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
98
What is a dissociative disorder?
A class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in a loss off sense of identity
99
Explain the attribution theory
If you're depressed, you'll blame negative effects to your failures. They're permanent and won't change If you're not depressed, you take into consideration the circumstances and you know it's only temporary
99
True or false, when someone has bipolar disorder, they have to return to normalcy before moving up or down in mood
True
99
When is the risk of suicide most common?
When you have recovered from a depressive episode
99
When can you most effectively intervene someones behaviour when they have bipolar disorder?
During normalcy
99
What is the existential approach of Sc?
People that don't behave as we do are labelled and we do what we want with them.. Madness is perspective.. Sc is a way for people to deal with their intolerable issues.
99
Who believes that a diagnosing someone is a moral diagnosis?
Thomas Szasz
99
What are be two types of Sc, and what one do drugs help with?
Positive type one, and negative type two | Drugs only help for type one, positive Sc
99
Explain stress diathesis
Diathesis is the genetic part, if stress is present, then there's a higher chance of developing a particular disorder like schizophrenia
99
explain the double bind theory
No matter what you do, you cannot win.. Like a father going to take care of a baby showing no emotion
100
What are the 5 Axis' in the DSM-IV?
Axis 1-- clinical syndromes Axis 2-- Personality disorders or mental retardation Axis 3-- General medical Axis 4-- Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis 5-- Global assessment of functioning (GAF)
101
What are the ten subcategories in Axis one of the DSM-Iv?
1) childhood disorders 2) organic disorders (brain tissue, dementia) 3) Substance related 4) schizophrenia and other psychotic 5) mood 6) anxiety 7) somatoform 8) dissociative 9) sexual and gender identity disorders 10) eating disorders

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