ch 14 risk of infectious and communicable disease

Question 1

A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of disease

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Infectious disease if the presence and replication of an infectious___ in the tissues of a ____, with manifestations of signs and symptoms.

Answer 2

agent; host

Question 3

Pathogenicity

Answer 3

ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host (depends on the infectivity of the infectious agent, its availability to invade and destroy body cells (invasiveness), produce toxins (toxicity), and its virulence.

Question 4

infectivity

Answer 4

ability of an infectious agent to invade the host and replicate

Question 5

virulence

Answer 5

severity of damage caused by the infectious agent (extent of illness)

Question 6

toxicity

Answer 6

ability of the agent to produce toxins

Question 7

immunogenicity

Answer 7

the ability of the agent/antigen to produce specific immunity within the host

Question 8

invasiveness

Answer 8

ability of the agent to destroy healthy tissue

Question 9

pathogenic agent

Answer 9

infectious agents are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (parasitic worms))

Question 10

host

Answer 10

portals of entry and exit (EX: skin, resp)

Question 11

incubation period

Answer 11

time between exposure and first onset of symptoms

Question 12

the chain of infection

Answer 12

agent, reservoir, portal of exit (skin/resp), means of transmission (air, direct contact), portal of entry (resp, skin), host

Question 13

reservoirs

Answer 13

environment the pathogen lives and multiplies (humans, animals, plants, soil, water–organic substance)– knowing the reservoir can help control transmission (EX: stagnant water for mosquitos)

Question 14

portal of exit (way out)

Answer 14

the germs need to find a way out of an infected person to spread (can be from sickness and diarrhea and through nose/mouth from sneezing or coughing)

Question 15

portal of entry (way in)

Answer 15

the germ then needs to find a way into another person (this can be through eyes, mouth, hands, open wounds, and any tubes put into the body (EX: catheter or feeding tube)

Question 16

common portals of entry/exit

Answer 16

respiratory, mucous membranes, skin (direct contact), blood, placenta

Question 17

communicable disease

Answer 17

transmit from one host to another

Question 18

for a disease to be communicable, or contagious, there must be a ____ of ___ from the infected person (or animal) a means of _______ and a ____ of ______ to a susceptible host

Answer 18

portal; exit; transmission; portal; entry

Question 19

examples of communicable disease

Answer 19

malaria, HIV, chickenpox

Question 20

modes of transmission

Answer 20

direct transmission, indirect transmission (vectors; fomites), airborne transmission (direct contact; indirect -covid virus on surfaces), microbial aerosols-droplet nuclei, and fungal sports/virus/bacteria

Question 21

vectors

Answer 21

animals who can transmit infectious agents through biological and mechanical routes

Question 22

fomites

Answer 22

any inanimate objects, materials, or substances that act as transport agents for a microbe (spores tend to survive the longest)

Question 23

zoonoses

Answer 23

infections transmitted from animal reservoir to humans (EX: rodent-transmitted plague and monkeypox) –Although rare they do occur in the US

Question 24

host susceptibility (WHY are some people more susceptible to infectious disease than others)

Answer 24

Age (older vs under age 2), health status (chronic illness vs healthy), behaviors (sense of well-being and cleanliness)

Question 25

carrier

Answer 25

a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and CAN TRANSMIT THE ORGANISM TO OTHERS while having NO SYMPTOMS of the disease (EX: viral hep b/c or upper resp infections before onset of symptoms)

Question 26

colonization

Answer 26

the presence and multiplication of POTENTIALLY infectious organisms without invading, causing damage to tissue, or producing a symptomatic inflammatory response (multiple UTIs may begin to show no s/s with an inflammatory response due to immunity)

Question 27

STAGES OF INFECTION- Latent period

Answer 27

infectious agent has invaded a host and found conditions hospitable to replicate (replication before shedding)

Question 28

STAGES OF INFECTION- Communicable period

Answer 28

follows latency (begins with shedding of agent)

Question 29

STAGES OF INFECTION- Incubation period

Answer 29

Time from invasion to time when disease symptoms first appear (MAY OVERLAP WITH COMMUNICABLE PERIOD)

Question 30

Endemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

outbreak investigation

Answer 31

establishing the existence of an outbreak, describing cases by person/place/time, and contact tracing (form outbreak)

Question 32

endemic

Answer 32

constantly present in a population or region, with relatively low spread

Question 33

epidemic

Answer 33

sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population

Question 34

pandemic (widespread)

Answer 34

sudden increase in cases across several countries, continents, or the world

Question 35

public health surveillance

Answer 35

a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of PRIMARY prevention of illness

Question 36

foodborne (communicable disease)

Answer 36

norovirus (COMMON spread through fecal/oral), campylobacter (bacterial diarrheal illness), listeria (potentially fatal foodborne bacteria), nontyphoid salmonella (bacterial through food/water), Escherichia coil (deadly form- severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting-resolves in 7-10 days___ ELDERLY MORE VULNERABLE)

Question 37

waterborne disease

Answer 37

1. associated with drinking/potable water (drinking well right by a outhouse) 2. associated with recreational water (lake Erie and residential runoff)

Question 38

The CDC indicates that more than 1/3 of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired

Answer 38

True (lots of misconception and individuals thinking it comes from only homosexual)

Question 39

sexually transmitted infections

Answer 39

any genital symptoms such as discharge/burning during urination or unusual sore/rash should be a signal for a person to stop having sex and see a healthcare provider immediately; notify ALL partners so they can be examined/treated

Question 40

bacterial STI treatment

Answer 40

can be treated and usually cured with antibiotics, but those caused by viruses CANNOT be cured this way

Question 41

bacterial STIs

Answer 41

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis NOT LONG TERM

Question 42

viral STIs

Answer 42

HPV, HIV, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis virus LONG TERM

Question 43

public health surveillance monitors

Answer 43

foodborne, waterborne, and STIs

Question 44

nonpharm preventions of communicable diseases

Answer 44

1. proper hand washing for adults/children 2. proper diapering/toileting techniques 3. environmental cleaning and sanitation 4. food safety 5. daily health checks 6. up-to-date immunizations 7. pet/pest control 8. Maintaining good ventilation of indoor space 9. communication with child care health consultants, parents and healthcare providers

Question 45

precaution needed when giving immunizations

Answer 45

what vaccine? who should be given? how should they be given? How are they to be transported, stored, and administered?

Question 46

herd immunity

Answer 46

a group of people resistant to disease due to the high number of individuals in that group being immune (88-94% of the community is immune)

Question 47

herd immunity

Answer 47

if a high number of inhabitants is immune, the ENTIRE population is immune (probability of transmission is extremely low)

Question 48

important concept on herd immunity

Answer 48

vaccination campaign seeks to reach the cutoff point (higher than 90%)

Question 49

vaccine hypersensitivity & contraindications

Answer 49

1. Mild illness with or without low-grade fever (postpone if moderate or severe febrile illness). WHY? immune system focused on mild illness, may not generate a robust enough response to vaccine) 2. pregnancy (use only inactivated vaccines, antitoxins, or immune globulins, AVOID live vaccines) WHY? no good data showing harm to the baby, but no good data establishing safety either. 3. immunocompromised- leukemia, lymphoma, on steroids (AVOID live vaccines, killed/inactivated vaccines can be given but may not produce optimal antibody response)

Question 50

vaccine hesitancy (be transparent and science-based)

Answer 50

a delay or refusal to receive vaccines despite their availability and evidence of safety/efficiency (emerging increase in measles due to lack of vaccination)

Question 51

KEY CONCEPTS: The chain of infection adds three additional elements to the epidemiologic triad: a portal of exit for the infectious agent, transmission, and a portal of entry of the infectious agent to a susceptible host.

Question 52

The environment/resources of infectious agents can be humans, animals, plants, insects, water, and soil.

Question 53

Transmission of an infectious agent from one host to another includes direct contact, indirect contact, droplets, and airborne transmission.

Question 54

Zoonotic infection occurs with transmission from an animal to a human.

Question 55

An epidemic significantly increases an infection or infectious disease beyond the expected (endemic) level in a certain population and/or geographic area.

Question 56

The CDC is a major agency that protects the nation’s health by maintaining surveillance to analyze data for infectious disease trends and outbreaks.

Question 57

Public health surveillance identifies the person, place, and time to determine how and why the health event occurred.

Question 58

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 has outlined objectives for food and water safety.

Question 59

The EPA and the CDC set standards for drinking water.

Question 60

The CDC also has deficiency classifications used during waterborne outbreak investigations for water not intended for drinking.

Question 61

Healthy People 2030 has outlined objectives for infectious diseases, including STIs and immunizations.

Question 62

HPV is one of the most common causes of STIs.

Question 63

TB screening is the cornerstone for TB prevention in the US.

Question 64

HCV infections are increasing each year.

Question 65

The ACIP provides advice and guidance regarding the use of vaccines for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Question 66

Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of the population is protected against an infectious/communicable disease by vaccination or previous infection.

Question 67

Vaccine hesitancy occurs when people are unvaccinated for any reason, including those who refuse vaccination.