Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Ch 15, 16 > Flashcards

Ch 15, 16 Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

Taste umami

A
  • Glutamate, and many amino acids.
  • Cravings
  • Causes calcium channel to open
  • G-proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Taste: sweet

A
  • Carbs, artificial sweeteners, certain proteins.
  • Low sensitivity
  • Cravings
  • Potassium channel closes, releases neurotransmitter
  • G-Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Taste: Bitter

A

-Bases (alkaloids)
-Often poisonous
-High sensitivity
-G-protein
Releases Ca+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Taste: Salty

A
  • Lowest sensitivity
  • Metal ions
  • Cravings
  • Sodium diffuses through Na+ channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the function of the olfactory cortex and lobe location

A

Olfactory Cortex is in the temporal lobe
Function: primary area, conscious awareness of odors,
Receives sensory info from the Olfactory Bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the intermediate Olfactory Area?

Which lobe is it located?

A

Adaptation, sends info back to the bulb to block or inhibit or suppress signals.
Secondary, frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Taste: Sours

A
  • Acids

- Hydrogen ions from acids cause depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the medial olfactory area?

Which lobe is is located?

A

Medial Olfactory Area- emotions tied to smell, connections to the limbed system
Secondary, frontal lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of taste

A
  • Each taste bud is capable of detecting all 5 basic tastes but each cell is more specific for 1 type
  • Many different tastes is a combo of receptors and smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List route a smell takes to the brain becoming consciously aware.

A
  1. Oderant attaches to the olfactory hairs (cilia)
  2. Olfactory vesicles.
  3. Dendrite
  4. Olfactory neuron
  5. Axon
  6. Olfactory Bulb to the Mitral cells, Tufted cells & Granule cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Actual sensation of taste. Name the facial nerve with position on tongue

A

7 facial nerve: anterior 2/3
9 glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3
10 vagus nerve: epiglottis

Tractus solitarius: sends info to the thalamus -> insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the secondary neurons of the olfactory bulb?

Name 3

A
  • Granule cell
  • Tufted cell
  • Mitral cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ageusia?

A
  • Inability to taste

- Oral infections and Zinc sprays or lozenges cause it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cells of the Olfactory Epithilium

A 
-Olfactory Neurons (replaced every 2 months)
        Humans- 10 million
        Dogs- 1 billion
        Blood hound- 4 billion
-Basal Cells
-Supporting Cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Odorant receptors

A
  • 1000 different receptors
  • 4000 different detectable smells
  • High sensitivity
  • Low specificity
  • Adaptation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 types of papillae

A

-Filiform papilla: middle, no taste buds
-Fungiform papilla: tip, anterior
-Foliate papilla: side
-Vallate papilla: posterior
Each have Epithelium and taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Direction of taste upon tongue

A

Papilla -> Taste Buds (10K) -> Taste cells (500K) -replaced every 10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which 3 cells compose the taste buds?

A

It’s a structure imbedded in the epithelial layer of the tongue.

  • Supporting cells
  • Basal cells
  • Taste cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neuronal pathway for taste

A
  1. Axons of sensory neurons, which synapse with taste receptors, pass through cranial nerves Facial nerve (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) and through the ganglion of each nerve
  2. The axons enter the brainstem and synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
  3. Axons from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius synapse in the thalamus.
  4. Axons from the thalamus terminate in the taste area of the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland and exit the gland through several lacrimal ducts.
  2. The tears pass over the surface of the eye.
  3. Tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi
  4. Tears are carried through the nasolacrimal duct
  5. Tears enter the nasal cavity from the nasolacrimal duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the eye?

Name each part of eye.

A
  • Fibrous: Sclera and cornea
  • Vascular: Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris
  • Nervous: Retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 5 steps of the oderant binding to membrane of olfactory hair

A

1) the plasma membrane of an olfactory hair, unstimulated. Gated ion ch is closed
2) Oderant binds to a specific oderant receptor
3) G-Protien is activated. Alpha, beta, y dissociate. Alpha binds and activates adenylate cyclase.
4) Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP
5) AMP opens ion channels: Na & Ca
6) Ions entering the olfactory hair cause depolarization of the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is anosmia?

What are the causes?

A

Anosmia is the inability to identify common odors.

Causes: Congenital (from birth), sinus infection, head injury & disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Autonomic motor nerves innervate…

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Somatic motor neurons innervate...
Skeletal muscle
33
Name the 3 catecholamine hormones in the sympathetic division produced by the adrenal glands
- Dopamine - Norepinephrine - Epinephrine
34
What are the 3 adrenergic receptors | Alpha or beta 1,2
Smooth muscle contraction. Alpha Cardiac stimulation (heart). Beta 1 Smooth muscle relaxation (lungs). Beta 2
35
Refraction
Bending of light as it changes mediums
36
Pathway of light- name structure a ray of light would take
Cornea - aqueous humor - papillae - iris - aqueous humor - retina
37
myopia
Too powerful- too much refraction (bending of light) eyeball too long can read but not distance nearsidedness
38
hyperopia
- Too weak - too flat - farsidedness - short eyeball
39
presbyopic
- eye wont become round again | - not enough convergence
40
Glossopharyngeal IX
Taste
41
What happens to the tastant after it dissolves?
Enter taste pores and cause it to depolarize Neurotransmitters are released from the taste cells Action potential is stimulated
42
taste bud vs taste cell vs papillae
Papillae: sections of the tongue Taste buds: sensory structures that detect taste. Taste cells: a taste bud contains many taste cells
43
Name the 3 olfactory epithelium cells
Olfactory cell supporting cell basal cell
44
taste areas of the brain and their function
VII facial nerve: taste, facial expression, tears, saliva IX Glossopharyngeal: Taste, senses carotid blood pressure X Vagus: taste, senses aoritic blood pressure, slows heart rate,stimulates digestive organs
45
Describe the pathway taste reaches before the primary taste cortex
- Axons of sensory nuerons which synapse with taste receptors, pass through cranial nerves 7, 9, 10 and through te ganlion of each nerve. - Axons enter the brainstem and synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. - thalamus - taste area of the cortex
46
Optic disc
white spot where veins go in and out
47
Lens
helps refract light to be focused on the retina. when the lens changes shape focuses on objects at various distances
48
Fovea Centralis
allows for acute vision, contains only cone cells
49
Posterior Chamber
area in back of the lens to the retina. contains jelly-like vitreous humor
50
anterior chamber
area between the cornea and the lens. contains watery aqueous humor. maintains intraocular pressure.
51
What happnes to a rod when it is exposed to light?
gated Na+ channels are open. exposure to light stimulates the rod cell. Rhodopsin is activated. rod cell hyper-polarizes Na+ channel closes
52
light and dark adaptation
light causes change from cis- trans rhodospin activates a G protein activating phosphodiesterase. cgmp- gmp Na+ channels close trans retinal detaches from opsin. trans converted to cis and attaches to opsin = dark again
53
Direction of light
``` Ganglion cell bipolar cell horizontal cell rod and cone cell pigment cell ```
54
Direction of action potential propagation in eye
``` pigment cell cone and rod cell horizontal cell bipolar cell ganglion cell ```
55
name layers in eye for direction of light
neural layer pigmented layer choroid
56
describe direction of images from image to brain
peripheral (farthest left of left and right of right eye) change sides of brain.
57
pinkeye
inflammation of the conjunctiva.
58
chalazion
a lump of the eyelid caused by obstruction or inflammation of an oil gland -palpebral gland
59
stye
infection of the eyelash hair follicle
60
Sphincter pupillae
closer ring muscle that constricts the pupil
61
dilator pupillae
outer muscle that opens eye
62
refraction of light
images are upside down
63
refraction of lens on myopia and hyperopia
myopia: long eyeball, image crosses too early. nearsidedness - concave lens Hyperopia: short eyeball, image crosses too late farsidedness. - Convex
64
tip link
stereocilla are bent toaward the taller and the tip link stretches. opens the K+ gate and K+ enter the cell
65
basilar membrane and low pitch sounds
longer waves cause displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval window.
66
sound wave interaction with the ear
sound waves strike the Tympanic Membrane - malleus, icus, stapes - oval window - perilymph in the scala bestibuli - bestibular membrane - vibrations in the basilar membrane
67
gravity and position of head
the endolymph does not moves at the same rate as the semicircular canals. this displaces the cupula opposite the head is moving. the fluid of the semicircular canals catches up and movement stops until direction moves again.
68
semicircular canals do what?
enable a person to detect movement in all directions
69
ampulae and cupula
ampulae are enlarged portions of the semicircular canal. the cupula are the gelantanious mass surrounding the stereocilla
70
cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic receptors *ligand gated channels Muscarinic recetors *g-protein
71
adrenergic receptors
g-Protein | sympathetic second synapse
72
skeletal effector
only one synapse
73
sympathetic stimulation on the intrinsic muscles of the eye
contraction of radial muscle and dialation of pupil.
74
ach
activator
75
agonist
a substance that fully activates
76
Antagonist
a drug that blocks the binding of agonist
77
Cholinergic
nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter.
78
chlinergic drug uses
constricting pupil and contracting ciliary bodies of the eyes lower heart rate easier to urinate
79
Parasympathetic
rest and digest.
80
sympathetic
fight or flight. Pupils enlarge, sweat
81
Donepezil
Alzheimer's
82
bethanechol
helps to cause urination
83
atrovent
runny nose, allergies or common cold
84
proventil
airway obstruction
85
epi-pen
allergic reaction
86
atenolol
chest pain | high blood pressure
87
tenormin
hypertension | angina
88
zemuron
muscle relaxant | anaesthesia
89
cardura
enlarged prostate and high blood pressure
90
symptoms of cholinergic overdose
``` salavation urination confusion defecation diarrhea ```
91
beta blockers
block stress hormones | protect the heart from a heart attack
92
anticholinergic overdose
``` flushing dry skin mydriasis fever urinary retention ```
93
adrenergics
sympathetic nerves

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions