Ch. 15-17 Flashcards by Rebekah Boyd

What are some of the physical changes expected in middle adulthood?

Wrinkles, sags, age spots, thinner and grayer hair, losing height, lose eye sight, age 70
Eye sight: at 60, 1/3 amount of light
Hearing also declines by age 60..
Lungs: Also start changin

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What are some cognitive changes?

-Can’t sleep as well,

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What are some cultural or non biological influences on health?

-Stress and sense of control, income, social status, education, physical environment

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What is the main cause of death in middle adulthood?

Chronic diseases (cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease)
men have higher mortality rates than women on these

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What are some gender/ethnic differences in chronic diseases?

-Men have higher mortality rates

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What is menopause? What are some associated symptoms?

When a women’s menstrual cycle stops.

-Hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, rapid heartbeat.

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What are some changes in male hormones and their effects?

Testosterone begins to decline 1% per year
Most men do not lose the ability to father children
Modest decline in sexual hormone level and activity
Erectile dysfunction is common in middle-aged men

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Crystalized vs fluid intelligence? How do they change with age?

Crystallized: An individuals accumulated information and verbal skills. Increases in middle adulthood
Fluid Intelligence: The ability to reason abstractly. May decrease in middle adulthood.

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What is the role of religion in middle age for men and women?

-Plays a bigger role in women’s lives - helps them cope when they think about dying

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What is Frankls theory?

-Thinks the study of death and the finiteness of life will add meaning. Why do we exsist and what we want the maning of life to be! Not spiritual

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What is Levingstons theory of transitioning into early adulthood? What “conflicts” do men come to grips with?

The stage between 40-45 and requires that men come to grips with conflicts:

young vs. old
destructive vs. constructive
masculine vs. feminine
being attached to others vs. being separated from them

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What is midlife crisis vs midlife consciousness?

Crisis: Freak out that can occur in middle age
Consciousness: Increase in awareness, interests, and concern at middle life that can lead to midlife transition

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What is the daily hassels vs. major life event stressors?

Daily Hassles: Weight, health, housekeeping, to do lists, losing things, investments, appearance
Major Life event stressors: Death, job loss, divorce

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What is the fight vs flight tend-and befriend theory?

Fight or flight - become agressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
Tend-and-befriend: Seek social allies with others

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How do different cultures respond to aging? Which cultures have more respect for their elders?

Unindustrialized countries usually don’t have a middle age, and have more respect for their elders

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What are the big 5 personality characteristics?

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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What is the empty nest syndrome?

Decline in marital satisfaction after the children leave home.

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What are different types of grandparents?

Biological
Reward and continuity
Emotional self fulfillment
Remote
Dominant-formal
Funseeking, distant

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What is the sandwich generation?

-Generation who gives care to parent and children at the same time.

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What are some of the responsibilities of middle adults?

jobs, kids, old parents

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What is the difference between life span and life expectancy?

Life span: Maximum number of years someone can live

Life expectancy: The number of years that an average person born in a particular year will live.

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Who are the young-old, old-old, and oldest old?

Young old: 65-84

Old-Old- 85+

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What are the different theories regarding the causes of aging?

Evolutionary theory
Cellular clock theory - our bodies become less capable of dividing
Mitochondrial: Decline in mitochondriac
Hormonal Stress: lower resistance to stress, and makes risk greater

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How does brain size change with age?

5 to 10 % of weight loss by 90.

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Which neurotransmitters are involved in aging diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinsons?

Alzheimer's: Acetylcholine, tau's, and amyloid plaques

What are some of the things young and older people can do to protect their neurological/cognitive health? Physical health?

- Get enough sleep - Keep the brain busy - Exercise

what factors in middle adult predict a happy later life?

-Marriage, exercise,

Which brain area is involved in making new explicit memories?

Temporal lobe

What are changes in eye sight with age? What are the 3 common diseases?

-Visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception declines Cataracts: Thickening of lens that makes vision cloudy Glaucoma: Buildup of fluid in eye that damages the optic nerve Macular Degeneration: The macula degenerates which corresponds to the focal center of the eyeball

What are changes in hearing? What percentage of older adults are hearing impaired or deaf?

After 75 it declines greately | 15%

What are some chronic health problems of older adults and their symptoms?

arthritis, hypertension, heart conditions, diabeties, asthma, osteoperosis

What are the leading causes of death?

Cancer and cardiovascular disease

What is the difference between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?

Cognitive mechanics: hardware of the mind that was developed through evolution, speed, and accuracy, attention, visual and motor memory Cognitive pragmatics: Culture based software programs, reading and writing skills language, comprehension, education, professional skills

What cognitive processes decline most with age? Which are the most stable?

Verbal is the most constant, episodic memory declines the mose

How does processing speed and reaction time change with age? Which are most stable?

Declines with age, considerable individual variation, often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning

What are the different types of attention? When do we use each type?

Selective: Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant -Older adults are generally good at this

What are the different types of memory? How are these relatively affected by aging?

What is the "use it or lose it"? "Tip of the tongue"

What is dementia? Alzheimer's? Parkinsons? Multi-infarct? What are the differences between them?

What is wisdom?

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permit excellent judgement about important matters...

Difference between older and younger employees?

Older have lower reports of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and higher job satisfaction

How should one prepare for retirement?

Save money ,have friends, have hobbies. Be flexible with not having a structured schedule and pursue your own interests!

What are the risk factors of depression in older adults?

What is the incidence of health disorders among older adults? More or less than younger?

How does aerobic exercise and walking affect physical, cognitive, and mental health?

What are some recommendations Erikson would have for working with older adults?

What is reminiscence theory?

What are 3 theories about the older adults (activity, socioemotional, selective optimization?) How do these differ? What behavior would you predict based on each?

How do priorities change over life span?

Family becomes more important than friends and then health becomes really important

How does personality affect ongevity

concientiousness is linked with a longer life

What is ageism? Elder care? Generational inequality? Age incongruity? What are some issues with each?

What are some of the problems or challenges faced by the health care industry with increasing number of older adults?

Not enough space for them

What factors are related to poverty in old age?

What role do friendships play in old age? For men? For women?

What are widow, widower stats? What are the different reactions people can have to the death of a spouse?

how to deal with a dying person? How can you help them?

Open communication

What are the advantages/disadvantages of knowing you are going to die?

What are Kubler-Ross' stages of dying? What are the criticisms of her theory?

How do children interpret death? How can you help them cope? At what age do they understand its permance?

What is cortical death?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of "improving" health care? What is palliative care? Hospice? Euthanasia?

What are the leading causes of death of each age group?

Climateric

Midlife transition when fertility declines

What cognitive processes decline most with age? Which are the most stable? How does this affect intelligence?

Verbal is the most constant, episodic memory declines the most I don't think it really affects intelligence

What are the different types of memory? How are these relatively affected by aging?

-Explicit: facts and experiences people know and can state, more likely to be effected by aging implicit: memory without conscious recollection Semantic memory: person's knowledge about the world. Older adults take longer to retrieve, but they can do it Source memory: Ability to remember where you learned something Prospective memory: remembering to do something in the future

What is the "use it or lose it"? "Tip of the tongue"

If you don't use parts of your brain, it'll prune them. | Tip of the tongue - when you know a word, but you just can't think of it.

What is dementia? Alzheimer's? Parkinsons? Multi-infarct? What are the differences between them?

Dementia: Any neurological disorder in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning alzheimers: progressive irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function Parkinsons: chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis, degeneration of dopamine-producing neuronsin the brain

What are the risk factors of depression in older adults?

- Depression is less common in older adults than younger adults. - happen more in the old-old - widows and low income - women 50 to 60, men 60 to 80

What is the incidence of health disorders among older adults? More or less than younger?

How does aerobic exercise and walking affect physical, cognitive, and mental health?

- Helps it

What are some recommendations Erikson would have for working with older adults?

discussing past activities and experiences with an individual or group - use photographs familiar items, and recordings

What is reminiscence theory?

What are 3 theories about the older adults (activity, socioemotional, selective optimization?) How do these differ? What behavior would you predict based on each?

-Activity theory: the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives -Socioemotional theory: older adults become more selective in their social networks. They spend more time with family individuals Selective optimiazaion theory: successful aging depends on selection, optimization, and compensation

What is ageism? Elder care? Generational inequality? Age incongruity? What are some issues with each?

- Ageism: prejudice against someone because they are old - Eldercare: Physical and emotional caretaking of older members of a family - Generational inequality: society is being unfair to its younger members

What factors are related to poverty in old age?

-Social security is only half of what their income was

What role do friendships play in old age? For men? For women?

- Women: maintain social relationships | - Men: Linked with longevity

What are widow, widower stats? What are the different reactions people can have to the death of a spouse?

- IHAVE NO IDEA WHERE THE CRQAP IS HTI SINFOMATION EW

how to deal with a dying person? How can you help them?

Open communication

What are the advantages/disadvantages of knowing you are going to die?

-sometimes perceived control may work as an adaptive strategy, psychologists say it is best for an old person to know they are dying

What are Kubler-Ross' stages of dying? What are the criticisms of her theory?

- Denial - Anger - Bargaining - Depression - Acceptance

How do children interpret death? How can you help them cope? At what age do they understand its permance?

-Middle and late childhood start to understand - honesty is the best strategy

What is cortical death?

-Persistant veggie state :(

What are the advantages and disadvantages of "improving" health care? What is palliative care? Hospice? Euthanasia?

-Euthanasia: Painlessly ending someones life who has an incurable disease or sever disability. -Hospice: Program dedicated to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. Palliative care: Reducing pain and helping individuals die with dignity

What are the leading causes of death of each age group?

Older adult most likely to commit suicide:

Older adult male who lives alone, has lost his spouse, and is experiencing failing health

Ch. 15-17 Flashcards

(86 cards)