Ch 15

Question 1

Neuropsychiatric disorders

Answer 1

An overarching phrase that encompasses the many disorders that affect the brain and behavior

Question 2

Addiction

Answer 2

A pattern of compulsive behaviors such as drug taking or gambling where the behavior itself or the intense desire to do the behavior continues despite harmful consequences

Question 3

Rat park study

Answer 3

A famous study in the research of addiction showing that rats that live in a comfortable and socially stimulating environment are not motivated to take drugs

Question 4

Incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

Answer 4

The idea that the MTDS become sensitized to drugs and drug related stimuli causing intense cravings fostering addiction. The sensitization is long lasting even after withdrawal symptoms subside and the pleasure of the drug decreases

Question 5

Negative reinforcement theory

Answer 5

The idea that drugs are taken to avoid the aversive feeling of withdrawal or alleviate preexisting pain.

Question 6

Positive reinforcement theory

Answer 6

The idea that drugs are addictive because they produce pleasure

Question 7

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system (MTDS)

Answer 7

A dopaminergic pathway in the brain leading from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. It is the motivation center highly involved in addiction and craving

Question 8

Creb

Answer 8

A chemical that helps in gene expression. Increases pleasurable feelings of drugs

Question 9

Delta fos b

Answer 9

A gene transcription factor that influences the long lasting craving effects of drug and drug stimuli

Question 10

Dynorphin

Answer 10

A protein that acts to decrease the pleasurable feelings of a drug.

Question 11

Dorsal striatum

Answer 11

An area of the brain that plays a large role in learning about stimuli associated with drug taking that induces cravings

Question 12

Cerebral palsy

Answer 12

A neurological disorder caused by brain injury or malformation in a child’s developing brain. Motor movement, muscle development, reflexes, and posture are affected.

Question 13

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Answer 13

A lack of oxygen just before or during birth affecting brain development of newborns. It is a cause of cerebral palsy

Question 14

Spastic deplegia

Answer 14

A difficulty with rigidity and muscle control. Characteristic of cerebral palsy

Question 15

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 15

A range of developmental disorders characterized by social withdrawal, hypersensitivity, and repetitive movements

Question 16

ADHD

Answer 16

A developmental disorder where individuals show difficulty focusing, paying attention, and regulating behavior.

Question 17

Executive function

Answer 17

A major role of the prefrontal lobe involved in planning, impulse control, and organizing thoughts and behaviors. People with adhd often have difficulties with this

Question 18

Major depressive disorder

Answer 18

Symptoms such as hopelessness and worthlessness that last for weeks to years

Question 19

Monoamine hypothesis

Answer 19

Depression is caused by an under activation of monoamines, especially serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 20

Cheese reaction

Answer 20

A metabolic side effect to taking MAOIs that causes hypertension of the wrong food, like cheese, is eaten

Question 21

Electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 21

A treatment for severe depression where a seizure is induced with electricity to an anesthetized patient

Question 22

Transcranial direct current stimulation

Answer 22

Possible treatment for depression using low amperage currents applied to the scalp

Question 23

Deep brain stimulation

Answer 23

Surgically implanted electrodes that can stimulate areas of the brain and reduce depression

Question 24

Bipolar disorder

Answer 24

A disorder of depression followed by hyperactivity or mania

Question 25

Mania

Answer 25

An excited and over exuberant mood characterized by extreme activity but can also produce delusions and disconnection with reality

Question 26

Hypomania

Answer 26

Labeled as bipolar 2 disorder and characterized by manic episodes that aren’t as severe as BP 1

Question 27

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 27

Persistent, irrational stress, fear, and anxiety that is not linked to a specific stimuli or events and goes beyond that typically experienced in daily life.

Question 28

Phobia anxiety disorder

Answer 28

Irrational fears about specific things or situations

Question 29

Panic disorder

Answer 29

The sudden feeling of fear that is associated with the heightened activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

OCD

Answer 30

An anxiety disorder associated with the inability to stop repetitive or ritualistic behavior such as hand washing or checking locks

Question 31

PTSD

Answer 31

An anxiety disorder that follows a traumatic experience

Question 32

Ketamine

Answer 32

A drug used for anesthesia and pain relief. Possible fast acting antidepressant

Question 33

Psilocybin

Answer 33

Active ingredient in magic mushrooms. Produces euphoria and hallucinations. Might lower anxiety and depression