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The Human Body In Health & Illness > Ch 15: Circulatory System > Flashcards

Ch 15: Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

It has three general functions:

  • transports and delivers nutrients and waste around the body
  • regulation of fluid, electrolyte balance and body temperature
  • protection from infection and excessive clotting

It has several characteristics:

  • color varies from bright red to blue red depending on oxygen levels
  • amount varies based on size, gender and age, averaging 4 to6 L
  • pH between 7.35-7.45
  • three times more viscous than water

It contains two parts:

  • liquid plasma
  • Formed elements or cells
A

Blood

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2
Q

It is a pale yellow fluid mostly water, also includes proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and wastes. These proteins regulate fluid volume and protect the body from pathogens and prevents excessive blood loss

Serum is this minus the clotting proteins

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Is made up of:

  • RBC’s
  • WBC’s
  • platelets\thrombocytes
A

Blood cells

formed elements

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4
Q

This is the percentage of RBC in a sample of blood, usually 45%, plasma will be on top, WBC and platelets in the middle Buffy coat with RBC at the bottom

A

hematocrit

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5
Q

Blood cell formation

Two examples:

  • red bone marrow found in flat bones and ends of long bones
  • lymphatic tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
A

Hematopoiesis

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6
Q

These can differentiate into either of RBC, WBC or a platelet

A

Blood stem cells

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7
Q

Occurs with certain procedures or drugs

example: chemotherapy

A

Myelosuppression

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8
Q

This causes excess RBC’s and thickened blood

A

Bone marrow overactivity

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9
Q

This type of blood cell is the most numerous in the body and transports oxygen.

Shape: large disc shaped, flexible and allowing cells to squeeze through tiny blood vessel’s supplying oxygen to all tissue cells

A

Red blood cells

RBC’s

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10
Q

A type of red blood cells that Attaches to oxygen

When the blood is well oxygenated blood is bright red
When the blood is poorly oxygenated blood is blue read; cyanosis

Substances essential for production:

  • iron; iron deficiency anemia
  • vitamin B 12; lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia
  • folic acid; Folic acid anemia

Regulation of production is controlled by hormone erythropoietin

Lifespan is 120 days

No nucleus therefore they cannot reproduce

The spleen destroys old worn out cells.

A

Hemoglobin

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11
Q

A type of blood cell that are large round cells that contain nuclei, but lack hemoglobin

Several functions:

  • phagocytosis; removes dead tissue and debris
  • leukocytosis; an increase in the number of WBC
  • diapedesis; allows WBC’s to Leave the blood vessels and move toward site of infection
A

White blood cells

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12
Q

A function of WBCs

removes dead tissue and debris

leaves behind a collection of dead neutrophils and pathogen‘s, Parts of cells and fluid-pus

A

phagocytosis

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13
Q

A function of WBCs

an increase in the number of WBC

A

leukocytosis

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14
Q

A function of WBC

allows WBC’s to Leave the blood vessels and move toward site of infection

A

diapedesis

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15
Q

A type of WBC; granulocytes

They make up 55% to 70% of total wbc

Functions;

  • phagocytosis; leaves behind a collection of dead neutrophils and pathogen‘s, Parts of cells and fluid-pus
  • An increase in the number of immature this indicates an infection
A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

A type of WBC; granulocytes and They make up less than 1% of blood cells

Releases histamine and heparin

A

basophils

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17
Q

A type of W BC; granulocytes which make up between 1% and 3% of blood cells

Inflammatory response, elevated in persons with allergies

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Laboratory test that provide information about blood

It gives a normal range of numbers for RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, percentage of reticulate and WBC’s differential

A

Complete blood count

CBC

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19
Q

Slows or stops the flow of blood

A

Blood vessel spasm

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20
Q

Caused by platelets sticking together

Aspirin has an antiplatelet effect

A

Formation of a platelet plug

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21
Q

This is performed by a series of chemical reactions forming a fibrous net to stop the bleeding

Functions include:
-thrombus; blood clot
-embolus;A traveling clot
-anticoagulants; prevents excessive clot formation
Example: heparin, aspirin Coumadin
once clots have formed, clot busting drugs called TPA‘s Are given to prevent heart attacks and strokes

A

Blood clotting

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22
Q

These are located on the RBC membrane

ABO grouping gives four blood types: A, B, AB and O

A

Antigens and the blood types

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23
Q

Occurs when Blood types are missed matched

A

Agglutination

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24
Q

Burstein or dissolving of RBC’s

A

Hemolysis

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25
Q

This blood type is called the universal donor and is the most common blood type

A

Blood type O

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26
Q

This blood type is called the universal recipient and is the least most common blood type

A

Blood type AB

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27
Q

This problem occurs when a pregnant mother is Rh(+) and her second baby is Rh( - ) because blood will develop and try to destroy the blood next time around

The pregnant mother is given RhoGAM during pregnancy to prevent antibody formation which causes jaundice and hemolysis of the babies RBC’s

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

HDN

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28
Q

Located on the RBC membrane

There r 4 types: A, B, AB, O

Each type has antibodies for incompatible types

A

Blood types

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29
Q

Occurs when blood types are mismatched and different antibodies are mixed 2gether

A

Agglutination

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30
Q

Bursting or dissolving of RBC’s

A

Hemolysis

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31
Q

In order to avoid agglutination of blood, blood type must be known b4 transfusions

Blood types O is called the “universal donor” & most common blood type

Blood type AB is called the ”universal recipient” and least common blood type

A

Compatibility and incompatibility of blood types

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32
Q

Not normally a problem unless a Rh(-) person is exposed to Rh(+) blood

Antibodies to Rh(+) blood will develop and try to destroy the blood next time around

In a Rh(-) pregnant mother, this could b disastrous for the 2nd baby that is Rh(+)

A

RH classification system

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33
Q

Hollow, muscular organ, approximately the size of a persons fist fist, weighs less than 1 pound

Average rate of 72 BPM, will be over 3 million times if you live to 75 years of age

Sits within the chest between the lungs in a space called the mediastinum

Base-upper flat portion located at the level of the second rib
Apex-lower pointed end located at the fifth intercostal space
Important to know precise location for performing EKG and CPR

Made up of 3 layers:

  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
A

Function, location and size of the heart

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34
Q

Lining of the heart chambers consists of lining that is continuous with the blood vessels

A

Endocardium

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35
Q

Thickest layer composed of cardiac muscle that actually contracts and pumps blood through the blood vessels

A

Myocardium

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36
Q

Sling like structure; double stack of serous membrane

A

Epicardium

Visceral pericardium

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37
Q

Is located between the layers of the heart, it allows the heart to beat in its sack without friction

A

Serous fluid

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38
Q

Inability of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the body, must insert a needle into the pericardial space and aspirate the excess fluid

A

Cardiac tamponade

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39
Q

One part of the heart and Part of pulmonary circulation

Receives oxygen poor blood from the venae cavae and sends it to the lungs to exchange O2with CO2, then back to that side of the heart

A

Right side of the heart

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40
Q

One part of the heart and Part of systemic circulation

Supplies oxygen rich blood to all body tissues and organs, then back to that side of the heart

A

Left side of the heart

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41
Q

an upper chamber of the heart that receives blood into the heart

Upper chambers that receive blood into the heart. It receives oxygen poor blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and sends it through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

A

Right atrium

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42
Q

Receives blood from the head and upper body region

A

Superior vena cava

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43
Q

Receives blood from the lower part of the body

A

Inferior Vena Cava

44
Q

an upper chamber of the heart that receives blood into the heart

Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and sends it through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

A

Left atrium

45
Q

Lower chamber that pumps blood out of the heart

Receives oxygen poor blood from the right atrium so that it can be pumped into the lungs by way of the pulmonary valve for oxygenation

A

Right ventricle

46
Q

Lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

Receives oxygen rich blood from the left atrium so that it can be pumped into the systemic circulation by way of the aortic valve

Sticker of the two ventricles due to the force with which it must pump in order to supply blood from your brain to your toes

Chronic hypertension and causes hypertrophy of this ventricle

A

Left ventricle

47
Q

Large blood vessel is attached to the heart

  • superior and inferior vena cava a new pet line
  • right and left pulmonary artery’s
  • for pulmonary veins
  • aorta
A

Great vessels of the heart

48
Q

Faulty sounds of the heart

A

Heart murmur

49
Q

S1-first part sound “lubb”, Best heard over the apex; closure of the AV valves

S2- 2nd heart sound “dupp “, Best heard over the base of the heart; closure of semi lunar valve’s

A

Normal heart sounds

50
Q

Oxygenates and nurses the heart muscle; myocardium

Two types left and right: if left interior descending artery becomes blocked it causes extensive damage and death

  • blood flow can increase as needed and they experience pain upon exertion
  • Blood flow is gradest during myocardial relaxation
  • Can form anastomoses
A

Coronary arteries

51
Q

When the coronary arteries create a detour for a blocked artery as one ages

A

Anastomoses

52
Q

Drains the heart and empties into the coronary sinus found on the backside of the heart

A

Cardiac vein’s

53
Q

Vessel on the backside of the heart that empties into the right atriums

A

Coronary sinus

54
Q

Lack of oxygen to the myocardium

A

Ischemia

55
Q

Chest pain due to diminish the coronary bloodflow that is relieved by rest

A

Angina

56
Q

Death of myocardium due to oxygen deprivation

Males: crushing chest pain, nausea and vomiting diaphoresis
Elders and women: fatigue and digestive symptoms

A

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack

57
Q

Dead myocardial cells leak enzymes into the blood that enable a doctor to tell if a MI has occurred

A

Cardiac enzymes and leaky cells

58
Q

Located deep within the walls and septum of the heart

Cardiac impulse sets the rates of the heartbeat

A

Sinoatrial node

Pacemaker

59
Q

Instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiograph

60
Q

Clinical procedure used to measure the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiography

61
Q

Record of the electrical activity of the heart

Any Abnormalities is in the wave pattern could indicate a myocardial infarction; MI occurs when an area of the heart has died usually due to a loss of blood supply

A

Electrocardiogram

62
Q

Occurs when the normal pattern of heart rate is totally lost, rapid uncoordinated shuttering of the heart-major cause of death from heart attacks and adults

A

Fibrillation

63
Q

A rapid heart rate over 100 BPM, can lead to fibrillation

A

Tachycardia

64
Q

Substantially in slow her heart rate less than 60 BPM

A

Bradycardia

65
Q

A coordinated contraction and relaxation of chambers of the heart

Contraction of the ventricles pumps blood out of a chamber

Top number in BP reading

A

Systole

66
Q

Cord needed contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart

Relaxation of the ventricles while blood cells a chamber

Bottom number in BP reading

A

Diastole

67
Q

Shortens as the heart rate increases
-shortened the causes compromise cardiac functioning

Less blood filling ventricles: less blood pumped throughout the body

Coronary bloodflow occurs during diastole: less diastole less coronary bloodflow

A

Cardiac cycle

68
Q

Affects the rate at which the cardiac impulse is fired and the speed travels throughout the heart
Mason can alter the pumping activity of the hearts

Two types of firing:

  • sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight response): Increases SA node activity and heart rate; Causes tachycardia
  • Parasympathetic stimulation (rest or digest): decreases SA node activity and heart rate; Causes bradycardia
A

Autonomic control of the heart

69
Q

= HR x SV (stroke volume:Amount of blood pumped by the ventricle per heart beat)

Size-larger the slower the heart rate

Gender-women have slightly faster heart rate

Age-younger person to have faster heart rate

Exercise- increases heart rate

autonomic nervous system-2 types;

  • Sympathetic (fight or flight response):Increase his heart rate
  • Parasympathetic (rest and Digest): Decrease his heart rate

Hormonal influence- increase heart rate(Epinephrine, thyroxine)

Pathology-depends on sickness or disease; fever-increase his heart rate

Medications hasten varies, dopamine, epinephrine and caffeine increase heart rate

A

Cardiac output

70
Q

Allows heart to pump the same amount of blood that it receives

Cardiac output = venous return

A

Starlings Law of the heart

71
Q

The failure of one side of the heart

Ventricle fails to pump blood into the aorta

  • blood backs up into the lungs
  • heart is unable to pump sufficient amount of blood into the systemic circulation
A

Left heart failure

72
Q

The failure of one side of the heart

When ventricle fails:

  • blood backs up into the veins that return blood to the heart
  • blood backs up into the superior vena cava
  • jugular distention
A

Right heart failure

73
Q

What type of circulation that flows from the heart to the lungs then back to the heart

A

Pulmonary circulation

74
Q

A type of circulation that flows from the heart to the whole body then back to the heart

A

Systemic circulation

75
Q

A type of circulation that flows from the heart was in the hearts and stays in the heart

A

Cardiac circulation

76
Q

What vessels that carry blood away from the heart, branch into arterioles and carry oxygen rich blood

A

Arteries

77
Q

Smallest and most numerous of all blood vessels
-Exchanges take place here

Thinnest walls of any of the blood vessels

Allows the fusion

Exchange vessels

A

Capillaries

78
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

  • smallest are called venules
  • carry oxygen poor blood
  • Direct flow of blood toward the heart
  • 70% of total blood volume is stored
  • less pressure than arteries
  • one-way Valves
A

Veins

79
Q

Smallest of the arteries

-constricted vessels increase resistance

A

Arterioles

80
Q

A major artery of that systemic circulation

  • mother of all arteries
  • diameter of a garden hose
  • extends upward from the left ventricle, curves in an arch like fashion, then sends through the thorax and abdomen and ends in the pelvic cavity where it splits into two common arteries
A

aorta

81
Q

All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the ascending aorta

It begins at the aortic valve and extends to the aortic arch

Right and left coronary artery supply oxygen to the myocardium

A

Branch of the ascending aorta

82
Q

All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the ascending aorta

Supplies right side of head and neck, upper shoulders and right upper extremity

A

Brachiocephalic artery

83
Q

All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the ascending aorta

Supplies left side of head and neck

A

Left common carotid artery

84
Q

All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the accending aorta

Supplies blood to shoulders and upper arms

A

Left subclavian and right subclavian artery’s

85
Q

All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the descending aorta

  • Extends from the aortic arch to the diaphragm
  • intercostal arteries supplying the intercostal muscles between the ribs
A

Thoracic aorta

86
Q

All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the descending aorta

It extends from the thoracic aorta to the lower abdomen

Contains the celiac trunk: short arteries that divides into three other arteries:

  • gastric: stomach
  • splenic: spleen
  • hepatic: liver

2 mesenteric arteries supply the small and large intestines

To renal arteries supply blood to the right and left kidneys

The abdominal one splits into right and left common iliac arteries that supply pelvic organs, Thigh and lower extremities.

A

Abdominal aorta

87
Q

Superficial veins can be easily seen, while a deep veins run parallel with arteries

Names of deep veins matching names of arteries, with few exceptions

A

Major veins of the systemic circulation

88
Q

A major vain

Divided into to parts superior and inferior

I’ll veins of the body return blood here for Delivery to the heart

A

Vanae cavae

89
Q

One of two main veins in the systemic circulation

Receives blood from the head, shoulders and upper extremities which then empties into here

A

Superior vena cava

90
Q

One of two main veins in the systemic circulation

Returns blood to the heart from all regions of the body below the diaphragm

A

Inferior vena cava

91
Q

An artery of the head and neck

These common arteries branch into internal and external arteries

A

Carotid artery’s

92
Q

An artery of the head and neck

These arteries are joined together to form the basilar artery

Contains the circle of Willis

A

Vertebral arteries

93
Q

Contained with in and artery of the head and neck

Contain basilar artery join with the internal carotid at the base of the brain

Supplies brain with constant supply of oxygen

A

Circle of Willis

94
Q

Part of hepatic portal circulation

Carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for metabolism of nutrients

Formed by the superior mesenteric and splenic vein

A

Portal vein

95
Q

Part of hepatic portal circulation

Carries oxygen rich blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

96
Q

Part of hepatic portal circulation

Drains oxygen poor blood from the liver and delivers it to the IVC

A

Hepatic veins

97
Q

Attaches Fetus to mother by way of the placenta

Contains three blood vessels:

  • one large vein that carries oxygen rich blood from a placenta to the fetus
  • to smaller arteries carry oxygen poor blood from the fetus to the placenta
A

Umbilicus

98
Q

Part of the umbilicus

Allows fetus to receive nutrients, oxygen and gases and dispose of waste

A

Placenta

99
Q

An opening in the interim atrial septum of the heart

Allows blood flow from right atrium directly into the left atrium bypassing non-functioning lungs, closes after birth

A

Foreman ovale

100
Q

The altarnation of expansion and recoilI get of the arterial wall

Ventricles pump blood into the arteries about 72 times per minute

This can be felt that 10 different points:

  • Temporel
  • Fessional
  • common carotid
  • brachial
  • radio
  • from Morrill
  • popliteal
  • posterior tibial
  • dorsalis pedis
  • apical
A

Pulse

101
Q

Three main functions:

  • lymphatic vessels return tissue fluid to the blood
  • specialize lymphatic vessels play and important role in the intestinal digestion of fats and that’s soluble vitamins
  • lymphoid tissue helps the body defend itself against disease and it’s a defense mechanism that diminishes with age
A

Lymphatic system

102
Q
  • Includes lymphatic capillaries and several larger lymphatic vessels
  • vessel’s “run with“ the veins
  • each organ has a rich supply of this
  • Picks up tissue fluid and transports it toward the heart
  • contains lymphatic ducks
A

Lymphatic vessels

103
Q

A type of Lymphatic duct

Drains right arm, right side of head and thorax

A

Right lymphatic duct

104
Q

A type of lymphatic duct

Drains the rest of the body

A

Thoracic duct

105
Q

A type of lymphatic duct

Empties into their respective subclavian vein’s

A

Both lymphatic ducts

The Human Body In Health & Illness (4 decks)

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