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APUSH > Ch 15 Reconstruction > Flashcards

Ch 15 Reconstruction Flashcards

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1
Q

Conservative/moderate Republicans

Most Republicans

A

Wanted abolition but proposed few other conditions

-economic gains for white middle-class

~Several became more radical in 1866 in fear that reunified Democratic Party may become dominant

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2
Q

Radical Republicans

  • led by
  • goals
A

House: Repsentative Thaddeus Stevens (PA)

Senate: Charles Sumner (MA)

  • ->want to revolutionize Southern society through military rule where
    (a) blacks exercise civil rights
    (b) educated schools by fed gov’t
    (c) blacks receive confiscated lands from planter class

Wanted

  • civil rights for blacks
  • Confed leaders punished
  • protect black legal rights
  • confiscate property of Cofed whites & redistribute to freedmen

-SOME want suffrage to freed slaves
(Ppl hesitant bc few N states allow blacks to vote)
- many supported liberal causes: women’s suffrage, rts for labor unions, civil rights
Ex: Benjamin Wade (Ohio)

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3
Q

Proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

A

Lincolns 10% plan
–> when 10% of people took loyalty oath, state government could be established

-Full presidential pardons given to confederates who

(a) Took oath of allegiance to the union + US Constitution
(b) accepted emancipation

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4
Q

Wade-Davis Bill

A
  • radical response to Lincoln’s 10% plan as mild
  • president appt governor for ea state
  • required 50% of voters in state to take a loyalty oath
  • NO Confederates allowed to vote for a new state constitution

Lincoln refused to sign
–> pocket vetoed

Pocket veto engraved radicals

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5
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

1865

A

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

-provided food, shelter, medical aid: blacks + homeless

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6
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau + education

A

-benefit white + blacks
BUT no white attended Freedmen schools

  • by 1870s public school system= greater % blacks+white in school
    1876: 50+% white, 40% blacks

-large network of schools for former slaves
(tho White opposition – giving blacks “false notions of equality”)

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7
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau + segregation in education

A

Civil Rights Act of 1875= mandate school integration

NEVER PASSED- segregation!!

When Repub govt replaced by S Democrat: integration abandoned

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8
Q

Lincoln’s last speech

A

April 1865

Encouraged N to accept LA as reconstructed state
–> had already made constitution to abolish slavery + provide education for blacks

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9
Q

Andrew Johnson

A
  • Southern Democrat
  • BUT loyal to Union
  • White supremacist
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10
Q

Johnson’s Reconstruction policy

1865

A

~ Lincolns 10% plan:

disfranchisement of

  1. All former leaders of confederacy
  2. Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property

BUT
President had power to grant individual pardons to “disloyal” southerners
–> escape clause for wealthy planters

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11
Q

RESULT of Johnson’s reconstruction

A

Pardons: former Confederate leaders back in office by FALL 1865

…all 11 Ex-confed states qualified to become pt of union!!

  • S made a constitution repudiate secession
  • negated debts of Confederate government
  • ratify 13th amendment abolish slavery
  • -> NO extension for voting rights to blacks tho
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12
Q

Black Codes

of S state legislatures

A
  1. Prohibited blacks from renting land/borrowing money to buy the land
  2. Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

Blacks restricted to certain jobs: plantation work, domestic servants

Ex: contract-labor system = blacks worked cotton fields under white supervision for low wages

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13
Q

Johnson’s vetoes

1866

A

Freedmen’s Bureau Act- offered services and protection

Civil Rights Act- guaranteed full citizenship and equal rights to African-Americans

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14
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A

Pronounced all African-Americans to be US citizens

***repudiated the decision in the Dred Scott case & legal shield to Black Codes

-gave federal gov’t power to intervene to protect rights of citizens

Johnson vetoed

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15
Q

Alexander Stephens

A

1866

Georgia’s choice for Senator

Northern Republicans in Congress refused to seat Alexander Stevens + other elected representatives & senators from

Ex- confed states

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16
Q

14th amendment

Significance

A

Congress passed 1866
RATIFIED 1868

  • all persons born and naturalized in the US were citizens
  • States obligated to respect rts of US citizens & provided them with equal protection of the law

SIGNIFICANCE
-1st time: Constitution required STATES + federal gov’t to uphold rights of citizens

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17
Q

14th amendment on congresses plan of reconstruction

A
  • disqualified former Confederate political leaders from holding state/federal offices
  • penalized state that prevented an eligible voter from voting
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18
Q

Report of the joint committee (1866)

A
  • States of confederacy not allowed to representation in Congress
  • CONGRESS (NOT pres) had authority to determine conditions for allowing reconstructed states to join Union
  • Congress REJECTS presidential reconstruction plan
  • -> 14th amendment
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19
Q

Election of 1866

A

Victory for Republicans – had more than two thirds of majority in the House and Senate

–> Southern race riots in 1866 overwhelmed Republican majority

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20
Q

ReConstruction acts of 1867

A

(Congress passes three plans, overrode Johnson’s vetos)

  1. South under military occupation – confederate states into five military districts
  2. To win readmission must ratify the 14th amendment
  3. Grant franchise to ALL adult males
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21
Q

First former Confederate states to be brought back to Union

A

Tennessee July 1866

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22
Q

Tenure of office act 1867

A

~ unconstitutional violation of executive authority~

-prevented president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the senate

  • -> radicals prevent president from interfering
  • -> protects radical Republican Secretary of State Edward Stanton (military in South!!)
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23
Q

Impeachment of Johnson 1867 to 1868

A

-Johnson challenged tenure of office act = unconstitutional

  • House response by impeaching him
  • Johnson = 1st president to be impeached
  • One vote short of necessary 2/3 vote to remove the president from office

-some Republicans voted against conviction bc thot bad precedent to remove president for political reasons

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24
Q

Command of the army act 1867

Study These Flashcards
A

No military orders except thru commanding general of the army or w/ Senate’s approval to relieve general

25
Ex Parte Milligan
SC case of 1866 declared that Military tribunals where civil courts existed = unconstitutional Radicals don't want to supply just to southern states with military - -> supposed bill threatening court - -> court didn't hear reconstruction cases for two years
26
Election of 1868
Democrats nominee: Horatio Seymour -though grants popularity in North, he won 300,000 more votes than Democratic nominee + many black votes --> republicans realize voting rights of Friedman needed federal protection
27
By 1868 how many states readmitted?
10 former Confederate states for field conditions of 14th amendment, which is part of constitution
28
15th amendment 1869; ratif 1870 States readmitted after this reconstruction amendment
Limited any state from denying a citizens right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude 1869 – Virginia, Texas 1870 – Mississippi
29
13th amendment | 1865
Abolish slavery
30
Civil rights act of 1875
Last civil rights reform en acted by Congress in reconstruction - equal accommodations in public space - Prohibit Court from excluding African-Americans from juries ** poorly enforced bc Republicans trying to reform S – feared losing white votes in N
31
When we construction abandoned by Congress
1877
32
Scalawags
- Southern Republicans - former Whigs, successful - Republic better for economic interests
33
Carpet baggers
- Northern newcomers - investors interested in setting up new businesses - professionals/veterans (well educated)
34
State legislature
-in every Republican state government in south, whites = majority EXCEPTION **SC- Freedmen controlled lower house 1873 --> no black man ever elected governor of the southern state
35
African Americans in power = Resentment
African Americans with elective office = educated property holders MODERATES Repubs in S chose AAs 1. Blanche K Bruce 2. Hiram Revels To Senate +12(+) AAs to House of Representatives --> revels elected 1870 to take senate seat from Mississippi (prev held by Jefferson Davis)
36
Reconstruction governments characteristics
-corruption (N result of economic expansion of government services + revenues = strains on the elected officials) -larger budgets = needed services in S for public EDU, public works, poor relief
37
Republican Legislature in S success + failures
SUCCESS - universal male suffrage - property rights for women - infrastructure - established state institutions – hospitals, asylums, etc. --> paid for through tax systems + selling bonds FAILURES - wasteful splendid - corruption, bribes - politicians took advantage of their power
38
AAs in freedom: religious influence
- independent black churches - -> negro Baptist - -> African-American Episcopal churches -Black ministers = leaders in AA community
39
AAs in freedom: EDU + migration
Black colleges: Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, Morehouse Established during reconstruction to prepare black ministers and teachers Many migrated away from S --> frontier states: Kansas
40
Civil rights act of 1875: EDU
Tried to mandate school integration + desegregation | BUT REMOVED B4 PASSD
41
AA society
- Women perform domestic work, less field labor - poverty + economic necessity = many black women do income producing activity for wages END OF RECONST - Half of all black women work for wages - unlike white working women, most black working women = married
42
Crop lien system
System of credit: - farmers = no steady cash flow = rely on credit from merchants to buy supplies - no competition = high interest rates - -> formers gave lien – claim on crops EFFECTS -Black, white landowners who gained land = lost bc DEBT (AAs did not own much land to begin!!) - DEBT as formers experienced bad years for crops - -> farmers dependent on cash crops, ESP COTTON = only possibility to escape debt -lack of diversity of crops = DECLINE in agricultural economy
43
Sharecropping
-landlord provided seed + farm supplies in return for share of harvest (cash crop cotton) ~ servitude: Sharecropping dependent on land owners/debt to local merchants - after pay lords, no crop left to sell - "fence laws"= prevent raising livestock = decline in living self-sufficient
44
Spoils system
-political parties give public office to its supporters
45
Crédit Mobilier
stocks to members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making Profits coming from federal government costing millions
46
Whiskey ring
Officials helps distillers cheat out of taxes All please corruptions show that Grant was loyal to diss honest men = tarnished his presidency
47
Election of 1872
Liberal Republicans + Democrats = nominated Horace Greeley BUT REG REPUBS chose Grant GRANT WON BC "waving the bloody shirt" ~ landslide~
48
Panic of 1873
- N laborers jobless + homeless - failures of investment bank (ex) invested too heavily on post war railroad buildings - debtors in farms --> greenback paper money created = not supported by gold - 1784 Grant decides to side with those wanting money supply back to gold - vetoes a bill calling for release of additional greenbacks --> helps bankers + creditors, not debtors
49
Force Acts | 1870 & 1871
-Federal authority (military) to stop Ku Klux Klan violence + protect civil rights of citizens in S First time fed gov. Claimed power to prosecute crimes by individuals -suspended habeas corpus when violations were atrocious By 1872 clan violence down
50
Amnesty act 1872
- northerners put hatred of confederacy behind - removed last restrictions on X confederates – except for top leaders ** allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats = we take control of state gov
51
Democratic rise | 1874
Congressional elections of 1874 = democrats won majority in house First time since 1861! Grant used army to maintain Republican control in three states
52
Election of 1876
By 1876 = fed troops left only in three states: SC, FL, LA democrats returned to power in all X Confed state except the three REPUBS want distance from corruption = Rutherford B Hayes DEMOCS Samuel J Tilden 1. Popular votes = Tilden won BUT 3 states disputed... needed ONE more electoral vote 2. Electoral commission gave disputed votes to HAYES Dems threatened to filibuster!!!
53
Compromise of 1877
- results of election of 1876: HAYES (Repub) gets all electoral votes - -> Dems threaten to filibuster - Dens allow Hayes as president if 1. Ends fed support for Repubs in S (withdraw troops) 2. Support building of S transcontinental railroad (grow Dem businesses)
54
"redeemers"
1877 (Final withdrawal of troops): White Democrats = power "Redeemer"/"Bourbons" members of powerful elite – mostly new class of merchants, industrialists -movement to pay off prewar + reconstruction debits destroyed by mid 1880s
55
Industrialization + new south
- tobacco processing industry grow - Iron + steel industry grow in lower south - dramatic increase in real Road development 1886 BUT South only regaining: average income in S lower than N -Women = factory/textile workers
56
AAs in New South
Rise of black middle class - self-improvement - Edu
57
Birth of Jim Crow | Trials
1896 •Plessy v Ferguson separate accommodations did NOT deprive blacks of equal rights if accommodations = equal 1899 •Cummings v County Board of Edu Laws for separate schools valid even if no comparable schools for blacks existed
58
Jim Crow
-got around 15th amendment thru poll tax/property requirement OR literacy test Jim Crow laws segregated areas of southern life = violence

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