ch 16 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
function of oviduct
A
site of fertilization
2
Q
function of cervix [2]
A
-close the lower end of the uterus
-dilate during birth
2
Q
function of uterus
A
-site of implanantation
2
Q
function of ovary [2]
A
-produce female gametes
-produce female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone )
3
Q
function of vagina [3]
A
-site of entry of penis
-site of deposition of sperms
-dilating during the process of birth
4
Q
function of uterus lining
A
-site of implantation
5
Q
how much sperms produced by testis everyday
A
300 million
6
Q
function of prostate gland
A
-produce 30% of semen , which carry and feed sperms
7
Q
function of seminal vesicals
A
-produce 70% of semen
8
Q
function of sperm duct/ vas deferens
A
carry sperms from the testis to the urethra
9
Q
function of testis [2]
A
-produce male gametes by meiosis , sperm
-produce male sex hormones , testoserone
10
Q
function of scrotum
A
a bag of skin which is container for testis outside the body to keep the temperature 2*c less to help in sperm formation
11
Q
function of urethra in males
A
carry both urine and semen (but dont mix due to a valve)
12
Q
function of epididymis
A
store sperms
13
Q
fuunction of penis [2]
A
-erectile tissue
-organ of copulation
14
Q
function of acrosome in sperm
A
a membrane containing digestive enzymes to digest jelly coat of the ovum
15
Q
describe the nucleus of gametes [2]
A
haploid, has 23 chromosomes
16
Q
3 parts of a sperm
A
-head
-neck
-tail
17
Q
function of much mitochondria in sperm
A
to produce energy for swimming of the active sperm
18
Q
function of sperm’s tail
A
used for swimming and movement
19
Q
function of jelly coat in ovum
A
for protecton
20
Q
function of cytoplasm in ovum
A
contain stored food for nutrition of embryo
21
Q
compare sperm and ovum [2]
A
-sperm is smaller in size
-sperm is million in number and ovum is one per month
22
Q
puberty in males [2]
A
-the testis starts to produce sperms
-the testis starts to produce testosterone hormone which leads to the secondary sexual characters
22
how does the jelly coat of the ovum change after fertilization
becomes thicker and harder , to prevent entry of any further sperms
23
define adaptive features
means a feature that adapt the gamete to do its function
24
secondary sexual characters in males [4]
-deepening of voice
-growth of hair in the pubic area , arm pits, face, beard and chest
-enlargement of the testis and penis
-development of muscles, broad shoulders
25
when does puberty occur in males
14-16 years old
26
puberty in females [2]
-the ovaries start to produce ova (eggs)
-the ovary starts to produce oestrogen hormone which cause the secondary sexual characters
27
secondary sexual characters in females [4]
-high pitched voice
-growth of hair in the pubic area and armpits
-widening of hips, enlarged uterus and vagina
-development of the breasts
28
when does puberty occur in females
12-14 years old
29
define menstrual cycle
it is a group of changes in the ovary, uterus lining, blood hormones ; these changes are cyclic (repeated regularly each month)
30
duration of menstrual cycle
28 day
31
describe the changes in the ovary in menstrual cycle
-pitiuitary gland secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), a hormone which stimulates the growth of the follicle in the ovary
-the follicle develops to form a mature graffian follicle
-
32
what is a follicle
ovum surronded by cells
33
changes in the uterus lining in menestrual cycle
-the mature graffian follicle secretes oestrogen which builds up the lining of the uterus , making it thicker with more cells and blood vessels (preparing the uterus for pregnancy)
34
changes in the blood hormones in menstrual cycle [3]
-in phase 1 (day 1 to 14) FSH shows mild increase and oestrogen shows marked increase
-on day 14, pitiuitary gland secretes LH hormone which causes ovulation, which means rupture of the mature graffian follicle to release ovum to the oviduct
- in phase 2 (day 14 to 28) remains of graffian follicle form corpus luteum which secretes progesterone hormone that maintains lining of the uterus
35
how long does ovum remain in the oviduct
for 36 hours, waiting for the sperm
36
what happens if the sperm comes to ovum and fertilization occurs [2]
-a zygote is formed , pregnancy occurs
-the corpus luteum enlarges to form a giant corpus luteum of pregnancy which secretes progesterone hormone in the first 3 months of pregnancy till the placenta develops on the 4th month of pregnancy
37
what happnes if no sperm comes and no fertilization occurs
-corpus luteum degenerates , less secretion of progesterone hormone , no more hormone to maintain the lining of the uterus , the lining falls out and pass through vagina (MENESTRUATION)
38
define menstruation [3]
-it is the escape of blood cells , broken down lining of the uterus form the vagina each month
-it is due to the drop of progesterone hormone level in the blood
-it takes 3-5 days
39
when is ferilization most likely to take place
day 14 of menstraul cycle
40
if couple wants a pregnancy when should they make intercourse
day 14 of menstraul cycle
41
when is progesterone hormone at its highest level
day 22 of menstraul cycle
42
what is best time for implantation, IVF
day 22 of menstraul cycle
43
descrive the hormone FSH in terms of
-traget organ
-site of secretion
-time of secretion
-function in menstrual cycle
-ovary
-pituitary gland
-phase 1 days (1 to 14)
-stimulate growth of the follicles inside the ovary till it forms mature graffian follicle
44
descrive the hormone LH in terms of
-site of secretion
-time of secretion
-function in menstrual cycle
-pituitary gland
-day 14
-induces ovulation , act on mature graffian follicle to rupture and release ovum
45
descrive the hormone oestrogen in terms of
-site of secretion
-time of secretion
-function in menstrual cycle
-mature graffian follicle in overy
-phase 1 days (From 1 to 14)
-act on the inner lining of the uterus to build it up, invrease number of cells and blood vessels
46
descrive the hormone progesterone in terms of
-site of secretion
-time of secretion
-function in menstrual cycle
-corpus luteum in the ovary
-phase 2 days (14 to 28)
-maintain the lining of the uterus, increase the number of cells and blood vessels (prepare the uterus for pregnancy
47
steps of sexual intercourse [4]
-the male is sexually excited, blood flows to his penis, penis becomes firm, hard and erect
-the male insert his erect penis into the vagina
-the female vagina secretes fluid to lubricate the entry of penis
-at the end of intercourse , semen is releases from the penis to the top of vagina (ejaculation)
48
define fertilization
means the union of the sperm (male gamete) with the ovum (female gamete) to form zygote
49
when does implantation occur
around day 22 of menstrual cycle
50
steps of fertilization [6]
- the sperms are deposited by the erect penis into the vagina
-using their tails, the sperm move from the vagina to the cervix to the uterus to reach the oviduct where the ovum is
-the sperm produce enzymes which dissolves the jelly coat of the ovum and enters the ovum leaving its tail outside
-both male and female nuclei fuse together to form zygote
-the zygote divides many times by mitosis to form the embryo (small ball of cells)
-the embryo moves through the oviduct to reach the uterus where it is implanted
51
define implantation
fixation of the embryo (ball of cells) into the inner wall of the uterus
52
what happens during implantation
the embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from the blood vessels in the wall of the uterus to grow forming fetus , placenta and umbilical cord
53
how does ovum move along the oviduct [2]
-pushed by cilia lining
-pushed by contractions of muscle wall
54
what is placenta
organ that develops inside the female uterus, only during pregnancy
55
function of placenta [5]
-fetal respiration , give the fetus oxygen and take carbon dioxide (exchange of gases)
-fetal nutrition: give the fetus all needed nutrients from maternal blood
-fetal excretion:to get rid of waste products from the fetus
-secretes progesterone hormone , which maintains pregnancy (starts from the 4th month)
-prevent entry of harmful substances from maternal blood to fetus
56
harmful substances that can cross the placenta [5]
-alcohol
-drugs
-some of cigarettes
-some of bacteria (like syphilis)
-some viruses (like AIDS, german measles)
57
what hormones does placenta secrete [2]
oestrogen and progesterone
58
function of oestrogen and progesterone during pregnancy [3]
-build up and maintain the lining of the uterus to prevent it from shedding and so keep the foetus attached
-inhibit the release of FSH and so prevent ovulation
-develop breasts for lactation
59
why does placenta have villi
to penetrate the wall of the uterus as its highly folded and increase the surface area for exchange of substances
60
function of umbilical artery
carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to mother
61
function of umbilical vein
carry oxygenated blood from mother to fetus
62
why is maternal blood (in uterus) and fetal blood (inside villi) very close
to help exchange of substances by diffusion between fetal and maternal blood
63
why do maternal blood (in uterus) and fetal blood (inside villi) never mix [3]
-to prevent passage of bacteria from mother to fetus
-to prevent damage of the fetal blood vessels by the high blood pressure of the mother
-to prevent damage of the fetal red blood cells if mother and fetus have different blood group
64
what is the amniotic sac (or amnion)
a sac inside the uterus to enclose the embryo and a fluid known as amniotic fluid
65
functions of amniotic fluid [5]
-act as a shock absorber, protect baby against shock and damage
-provides constant temperature around the baby
-allow easy movement of the baby
-prevents sticking of different parts of the baby
-may be used to diagnose some fetal diseases such as mongolism by a process called amniocentesis
66
define infertility [4]
the female fails to get pregnant in spite of:
-regular intercourse
-no contraceptive methods
-for one complete year
67
how can infertility be due to a female partner
the ovaries fail to produce a mature ovum
68
treatment of infertility for female partners [2]
-the infertile women is given FSH injections , to help stimulate the production of follicles to help pregancy
-given LH to induce ovulation
69
disadvantage of multiple birth [3]
- on the father, economical stress
-on the mother, emotional stress
-on the babies, may be weak with congenital abnormalities
69
disadvantages of fertility drugs (FSH) [3]
-leads to production of more than one ovum,
- so fertilized by more than one sperm,
- multiple pregnancy, so multiple birth
70
how can hormones be used to decrease fertility [2]
-by the use of contraceptive pills, which contain oestrogen and progesterone
-which prevent the release of FSH , so less ovulation, less chance of pregnancy
70
what is AIDS
disease cause by HIV
70
what are sexually transmitted diseases
they are diseases caused by bacteria and viruses which pass from one person to another during sexual intercourse due to sexual contact of body fluids (semen and vaginal fluids)
70
examples of sexually transmitted diseases [3]
-gonorrhea
-AIDS
-syphilis
71
way of infection with aids [4]
-sexual intercourse with infected person
-blood tranfusion, using blood infected with AIDS
-by using infected needles or syringes (common among drug addicts)
-from infected pregnant mother to her baby
72
way of prevention of AIDS [4]
-avoid sexual intercourse with infected or suspected person, use condoms in males
-avoid blood tranfusion except after testing it for AIDS
-avoid using needles or syringes or razors or toothbrushes of other person
-a woman infected with AIDS should prevent pregnancy
73
how can HIV be prevented from sexual transmission
by using condom (mechanical contraception) , which act as a barrier between penis and vagina , preventing semen from reaching vagina
74
why is HIV commonly transmitted between drug addicts
by needle sharing, where one addict inject a needle to his blood contaminated by HIV then pass it to another addict
75
how to decrease the spread of any STD [2]
-decrease the number of sexual partners
-use condoms
