Ch 16 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What type of tissues make up the respiratory system?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and simple squamous epithelium
2
Q
The process by which air moved into and out of the lungs is called
A
Breathing
3
Q
The process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells is
A
Respiration
4
Q
The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs: accomplished by inhalation and exhalation of breathing is ____ ____
A
Pulmonary ventilation
5
Q
___ ____ exchange is what occurs in the lungs as oxygen diffuses from air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be eliminated “lung breathing”
A
External gas exchange
6
Q
____ ____ __ ___ ____ is where circulating blood carries gas between the lungs and tissues, supplying oxygen to the cells and bringing back carbon dioxide
A
Gas transport in the blood
7
Q
____ ___ exchange is what occurs in the tissues as oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells. Carbon dioxide travels from cells into the blood
A
Internal gas exchange
8
Q
____ is also described as the related process that occurs at cellular level
A
Respiration
9
Q
___ ___ is where the cells take oxygen and use it in the breakdown of nutrients. The cells release energy and carbon dioxide
A
Cellular respiration
10
Q
What is a waste product of cellular respiration
A
Carbon dioxide
11
Q
Trace the pathway of the air from entry into the nose to the alveoli in the lungs (there’s 8)
A
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Alveoli
12
Q
___ means increased heart rate
A
Tachypenia
13
Q
____ is where a patient may have COPD and they have shortness of breath when laying down
A
Orthopnea
14
Q
____ is shortness of breath, labored breathing
A
Dyspnea
15
Q
What bones of the skull that house the paranasal sinuses (there’s four)
A
- Sphenoidal
- Ethmoid
- Frontal
- Maxilla
16
Q
Air enters the respiratory system through the openings in the nose called the ____
A
Nostrils
17
Q
The two spaces between the mouth and cranium is known as
A
Nasal cavities
18
Q
The nasal cavities are separated from each other by a partition called the ___ ___
A
Nasal septum
19
Q
The septum is made up of ___ ___
A
Hyaline cartilage
20
Q
The septum and the walls of the nasal cavities are covered in serous and mucous membranes consisting of ____ ____ ____
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
21
Q
On the walls of each nasal cavity there are three projections called the
A
Conchae
22
Q
The shell like ___ increased the surface area of the mucous membrane over which the air travels in its way through the nasal cavities
A
Conchae
23
Q
Nose number 1 function is
- Breathing- cilia protects from bacteria and warms the oxygen
- Smell
- The membranes secrete about 1 Qt of fluid each day
A
Know
24
Q
____ or throat, carries air into the respiratory tract and carries foods and liquids into the digestive system.
A
Pharynx
25
The superior portion of the pharynx that is located behind the nasal cavity is the
Nasopharynx
26
The middle section of the pharynx located posterior to the mouth is called the
Oropharynx
27
The most inferior portion of the pharynx is called the ______
Laryngopharynx
28
____ is commonly called the voice box and connects the pharynx with the trachea it’s rigid framework is composed of nine portions of hyaline cartilage
Larynx
29
The anterior part of the larynx is called the __ ___ and it protrudes the anterior it the neck. The projection is commonly called the Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
30
The _____ ____ cartilage forms a ring below the thyroid cartilage and is used as a landmark for medical procedures involving the trachea
Inferior cricoid cartilage
31
Folds of the mucous membrane used in producing speech are located centrally in the superior larynx and are called ___ ___, they vibrate as air flows over them
Vocal cords
32
A mans larynx is larger than a woman’s. His vocal cords are thicker and longer resulting in a lower range of pitch.
Know
33
Superior to the vocal folds there are additional folds in the laryngeal mucous membrane known as ____ folds sometimes called “false folds” as they do not contribute to speech
Vestibular folds
34
The little leaf shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing is called the ____
Epiglottis
35
The ____ and the epiglottis keep good and liquids out of the remainder of the respiratory tract
Glottis
36
___ means inhaling material into the respiratory tract
Aspirate
37
____ commonly called the windpipe and it’s a tube that extends from the inferior edge of the larynx to the mediastinum, just superior to the heart
Trachea
38
___ conducts air between the larynx and the lungs
Trachea
39
At its inferior end, the trachea divides into two mainstem or primary _____ which enter the lungs
Bronchi
40
The right bronchus is considerably larger than the left and extends downward in a more vertical direction.
Know
41
Each bronchus enter the lung at a depression called the ___
Hilum
42
The lining of the air passageways, bronchi, trachea, and other conducting passageways of the respiratory tract are lined with a mucous membrane called ___ ____ ___ but the cells are arranged in such way they appear stratified Thus is described as pseudostratified “falsely stratified”
Ciliated columnar epithelium
43
The lungs contain both air passageways and minute, thin walled sacs called ___
Alveoli
44
The left lung has a indentation on its medial side to accommodate the heart
Know
45
The right lung is subdivided by a horizontal and an oblique tissue into ____ lobes
Three
46
The left lung is divided by a single oblique fissure into ___ lobes
Two lobes
47
The smallest of the conducting tubes are called ____
Bronchioles
48
The histology of the bronchioles gradually change as they become smaller. The amount of cartilage decreases until it is totally absent in the bronchioles which remains mostly smooth muscle and is involuntary
Know
49
_____ ____ are the smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tree, there are clusters of tiny air sacs in which most external gas exchange takes place
Terminal bronchioles
50
The ____ ___ brings blood to and from the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
51
The lungs are in thoracic cavity which is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular partition known as the ___
Diaphragm
52
A continuous doubled sac called the ____ cover each lung and is a serous membrane composed of epithelial layer overlying areolar tissue
Pleura
53
The portion attached to the chest wall is the __ pleura
Parietal
54
The portion attached to the lung surface is the ____ pleura
Visceral
55
Between the two layers of the pleura is the ____ ___ containing thin film of fluid that lubricates the membranes
Pleural space
56
____ is the drawing of air into the lungs
Inhalation
57
___ is the expulsion of air from the lungs
Exhalation
58
In ____ the active phase of quiet breathing the respiratory muscles of the thorax and diaphragm contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity
Inhalation
59
The ease with which one can expand the lungs and thorax in inhalation is called ___
Compliance
60
Certain alveolar cells produce ____ which is a substance that reduces the surface tension of the fluids that line the alveoli
Surfactant
61
__ is a mixture of lipoproteins that reduce service tension to break down fats; also allows the lungs to expand and fill adequately with air during inhalation
Surfactant
62
____, the passive phase of quiet breathing, the respiratory muscles relax allowing the ribs and the diaphragm to return to their original positions
Exhalation
63
___ ____ determines how easily air flows down the pressure gradient. The smaller the airway the greater the friction and greater the resistance to flow
Airway radius
64
___ ____ exchange is the movement it fades between the alveoli and the capillary blood in the lungs: separates alveolar air from the blood in fompos r of the alveoli wall and the capillary walls. Both are very thin
External Gas exchange
65
The pressure of a gas within a gas mixture such as air is called the ____ ___
Partial pressure
66
A very small amount of the oxygen in the blood is carried in a solution in the ____
Plasma
67
Oxygen does dissolve in water although most of the oxygen that diffuses into the capillary blood in the lungs burns to the hemoglobin in red blood cells
Know
68
Carbon dioxide is produced continuously in the tissues as a byproduct of cellular respiration and it diffuses from the tissue cells in the blood and is transported to the lungs by 1. Dissolving in plasma
2. Combined with protein portion of hemoglobin and with plasma proteins
3. Transported as an ion known as bicarbonate
Know
69
___ ___ which is formed when carbon dioxide undergoes a chemical stage after it enters the red blood cells
Bicarbonate ion
70
An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide with bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion is ___ ___
Carbonic anhydrase
71
____ ___ is important in regulating the bloods pH (acid base balance)
Carbon dioxide
72
As a bicarbonate ion is formed from carbon dioxide in the plasma a ____ ____ is also produced
Hydrogen ion
73
The blood becomes more acidic as the amount of carbon dioxide increases. The exhalation of carbon dioxide shifts the blood pH more toward the alkaline (basic) range
Know
74
The ____ ion is also an important buffer in the blood acting chemically to help the pH of the body fluids with in a steady range of 7.35 to 6.45
Bicarbonate ion
75
____ ____ system controls the fundamental respiratory pattern
Central nervous system
76
The respiratory control center is a complex network for neurons located in the medulla and pons of the brain stem: the controls center main part, located in medulla is to set basic pattern of respiration. These centers fire about 12 times per min so we breath every 5 sec
Know
77
_____ is important in control of respiration. Like the receptor for taste and smell they are sensitive to chemicals that dissolve in body fluids, regulate respiration and are located centrally near brain stem and peripherally in arteries:
Chemoreceptors
78
The central chemoreceptors are on either side or the rain stem near the medullary respiratory center. They respond to co2 level in circulating blood and the gas acts indirectly: co2 is capable of diffusing through the capillary blood brain barrier
Know
79
The rise in Co2 level is known as ____, increases the rate and depth of breathing
Hypercapnia
80
____ is increased rate of breathing that may be normal as in exercise
Tachypnea
81
___ refers to an increase in both the depth and rate of breathing to meet the body’s metabolic needs as in exercise
Hyperpnea
82
____ is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing
Hypopnea
83
___ is a temporary cessation of breathing short periods of this fan occur normally during sleep
Apnea
84
____ is the rate and depth of breathing increases above optimal levels: occur during anxiety attacks or when a person is experiencing pain or other forms of stress making less co2 in blood
Hyperventilation
85
Hyperventilation increases the exhalation of carbon dioxide and decreases the level of that gas in the blood which is a condition called __
Hypocapnia
86
Hyperventilation shifts the equation to the left removing acidic products from the blood and increasing pH. This condition is referred to as ____ can result in dizziness and tingling sensations
Alkalosis
87
__ means lower than normal oxygen level in the tissues
Hypoxia
88
____ refers to a lower than normal oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood
Hypoxemia
89
Normal inhalation is- active process
Normally breathing out is passive process
Forcefully breathing out is active process
Know
90
Why are lungs elastic
So they can expand then recoil
91
____ pressure is the pressure between the visceral and the parietal pleura pressure
Inter-pleural pressure
92
___ pressure forces air into the lungs
Atmospheric pressure
93
What pleural membrane lines the chest cavity
Parietal pleura
94
___ prevents collapsing, tension, in alveoli
Surfactant
95
What transports co2 in the blood
Bicarbonate
96
Most of the o2 is transferred by ____
Hgb in blood
97
____ moving air from outside to inside
Ventilation
98
____ contracts in normal breathing
Diaphragm
99
Excessively breathing involves the ____ ___
Intercostal ribs
100
____ tissue is outside of the alveoli for tissue
Alveolar tissue
101
Main respiratory stimulate is
CO2
102
_____ ____ initiates impulse by generating the action of potential at regular intervals and sets the rate of heart contraction in the upper right atrium
SA Node
