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Peds Exam 1 Textbook > Ch 16 (Cardio Essentials) > Flashcards

Ch 16 (Cardio Essentials) Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

most common peds cardiac defect

A

bicuspid aortic valve

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2
Q

most common cyanotic lesion

A

TOF

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3
Q

volume overload lesions are caused by ____________ shunting

A

L ➔ R

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4
Q

what kind of meds are beneficial in controlling pulmonary overcirculation and ensuring adequate systemic cardiac output

A

diuretics and afterload reducing agents

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5
Q

Conditions characterized by ductal-dependent systemic blood flow in the neonate include :

A
  • critical aortic stenosis
  • severe aortic coarctation
  • aortic arch interruption
  • hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
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6
Q

____________ maintains ductal patency and ensures adequate systemic blood flow until surgical or transcatheter intervention is performed

A

prostaglandin E1 therapy

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7
Q

In the neonate with ____________ , the pulmonary and systemic circulations operate in parallel rather than in the normal configuration in series

A

D-transposition of the great arteries

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8
Q

what is necessary to enhance inter circulatory mixing in some infants with transposition of the great arteries

A

balloon atrial septostomy

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9
Q

A common feature of single- ventricle lesions is …

A

complete mixing of the systemic and pulmonary venous blood at the atrial or ventricular level.

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10
Q

Defects with ____________ include those with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow

A

pulmonary outflow tract obstruction

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11
Q

The term cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the

A

myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction

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12
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by…

A

ventricular hypertrophy without an identifiable hemodynamic cause that results in increased myocardial wall thickness

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13
Q

most children with HCM present for evaluation of..

A

a heart murmur, syncope, palpitations, or chest pain

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14
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is aka

A

congestive cardiomyopathy

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15
Q

DCM is characterized by (3)

A
  • thinning of the left ventricular myocardium
  • dilation of the ventricular cavity
  • systolic functional impairment
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16
Q

most children with DCM present with what kinds of s/s

A

signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- gallop rhythm
- diminished pulses
- hepatosplenomegaly

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17
Q

what kind of cardiomyopathy is least common and has a poor prognosis when it manifests in childhood

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)

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18
Q

Myocarditis is defined as

A

inflammation of the myocardium, often associated with necrosis and myocyte degeneration.

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19
Q

myocarditis in the USA is most often caused by..

A

a viral infection

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20
Q

____________ and ____________ are the leading causes of death related to acquired cardiac disease in children

A

Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease

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21
Q

Rheumatic fever results from ____________

A

infection by particular strains of group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes leading to a multisystemic inflammatory disorder.

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22
Q

The clinical diagnosis of rheumatic fever is based on ____________

A

the Jones criteria.

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23
Q

Primary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease begins with ____________

Study These Flashcards
A

prompt recognition and appropriate treatment of the initial streptococcal infection

24
Q

treatment of choice for most patients with streptococcal infection

Study These Flashcards
A

Penicillin is considered the treatment of choice for most patients.

Secondary prevention with antibiotic prophylaxis is aimed at avoiding recurrences in individuals with a known history of rheumatic fever as they are considered at high risk.

25
____________ has become the primary risk factor for IE in children in developed countries
CHD
26
infective endocarditis infection results from...
deposition of bacteria or other pathogens on tissues in areas of abnormal or turbulent blood flow.
27
The diagnosis of IE is made clinically by applying ____________
the modified Duke criteria
28
Acute bacterial endocarditis is most commonly caused by ____________
Staphylococcus aureus.
29
clinical manifestations of acute bacterial endocarditis
The clinical presentation includes high fevers, chills, myalgias, fatigue, and lethargy
30
kawasaki disease patho
- a fairly common and potentially fatal form of systemic vasculitis of unknown origin - It is a condition seen predominantly in infants and young children. - The disease can affect the coronary arteries resulting in dilation and aneurysmal formation.
31
diagnosis of Kawasaki relies on clinical features, what are they?
To meet criteria, a child must have persistent fevers and at least four of the following findings: - Polymorphous exanthem - Peripheral extremity changes (e.g., erythema, desquamation, edema of the hands or feet) - Bilateral, nonexudative conjunctivitis - Cervical lymphadenopathy (often unilateral) - Oral changes (i.e., strawberry tongue; red, dry, or cracked lips)
32
treatment during acute Kawasaki (2)
intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) and high-dose aspirin are recommended during the acute phase of the disease
33
During the first year of life, heart failure is predominantly caused by ____________
structural heart disease
34
common clinical manifestations of heart failure in infants and young children
* Tachypnea * Feeding difficulty (reflux, vomiting, feeding refusal) * Diaphoresis * Pallor
35
common clinical manifestations of heart failure in older children and adolescents
* Fatigue * Effort intolerance * Dyspnea * Orthopnea * Abdominal pain * Nausea * Vomiting
36
main goal of therapy for acute heart failure
to maintain organ perfusion.
37
favored agents for the treatment of heart failure in children
diuretics, including aldosterone antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and β-blockers
38
the most common chromosomal anomaly, occurring with a frequency of 1 per 800 live births
Trisomy 21
39
trisomy 21 characteristics
- Affected children are typically smaller than normal for age. - Craniofacial features include microbrachycephaly, short neck, oblique palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, Brushfield spots, small and low-set ears, macroglossia, and microdontia with fused teeth. - Mandibular hypoplasia and flattened facial features are common. A narrow nasopharynx with hypertrophic lymphatic tissue (e.g., tonsils, adenoids) in combination with generalized hypotonia frequently leads to obstructive sleep apnea.
40
____________ occur in 40% to 50% of children with Down syndrome, and it has been recommended that they all should undergo screening for CHD in early infancy
Cardiovascular defects
41
____________ are the most common cardiac defects seen in children with down syndrome
The most common lesions include AV septal defects, VSDs, TOF, and PDA.
42
second most common chromosomal trisomy
trisomy 18
43
characteristics of T18
- Most children exhibit microcephaly, delayed psychomotor development, and developmental delay - Characteristic craniofacial features include micrognathia or retrognathia and microstomia, which can affect airway management, as well as malformed ears, and microphthalmia.
44
Cardiovascular disease, consisting primarily of ____________ , is present in most children with trisomy 18
VSDs and polyvalvular disease
45
____________ is an uncommon autosomal trisomy with an incidence that ranges from 1 per 5000 to 12,000 live births
Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
46
major features of T13
- Include cleft lip and palate, holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, rocker-bottom feet, microphthalmia, microcephaly, and severe developmental delay - Almost all children have associated cardiovascular defects, including PDA, septal defects, valve abnormalities, and dextrocardia. - The overall prognosis for these children is extremely poor.
47
____________ is a genetic disorder characterized by partial or complete X chromosome monosomy
Turner syndrome
48
features of Turner syndrome
- Features of this syndrome include webbed neck, low- set ears, multiple pigmented nevi and micrognathia, lymphedema, short stature, and ovarian failure - Systemic manifestations include cardiac defects (notably aortic coarctation and bicuspid aortic valve), hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, renal anomalies, liver disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.
49
Williams syndrome usually results from...
a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 7, altering the elastin gene.
50
features of Williams syndrome
elfin facies, hypersocial personality, endocrine abnormalities (including hypercalcemia and hypothyroidism), developmental delay, growth deficiency, and altered neurodevelopment.
51
Structural cardiovascular abnormalities, which occur in 80% of children with Williams syndrome , most commonly include:
valvar and supravalvular aortic stenosis
52
what is noonan syndrome
one of a group of related conditions, collectively known as RASopathies or developmental syndromes of Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway dysregulation.
53
dysmorphic features in Noonan syndrome
include neck webbing, low-set ears, chest deformities, hypertelorism, and short stature.
54
Marfan syndrome
a multisystem disorder with variable expression resulting from a mutation in the fibrillin gene, a connective tissue protein, located on chromosome 15.
55
clinical manifestations of Marfan syndrome
involve the cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular systems. - MVP and regurgitation - ascending aortic dilation - main pulmonary artery dilation
56
standard therapy and blood pressure control in children with aortic root dilation
- ARBs - β- blockers
57
CHARGE syndrome characteristics
coloboma heart defects choanal atresia retardation of growth and development genitourinary problems ear abnormalities

Peds Exam 1 Textbook (7 decks)

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