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BIO 139 > Ch. 16 ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

Ch. 16 ENDOCRINE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stimulus for GH (growth hormone) release?

A

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

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2
Q

What is giantism?

A

Hypersecretion of GH as a child

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3
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Hypersecretion of GH as an adult

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4
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

Hyposecretion of GH as a child

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5
Q

What is the function of PRL (prolactin)?

A

⬆️ milk production

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6
Q

What is PRL’s control of release?

A

PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)

PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)

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7
Q

What is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)?

A

Stimulate the thyroid gland

⬆️ T3,T4

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8
Q

What is the function of ACTH

A

Stimulate the adrenal cortex
⬆️ cortisol
⬆️ aldosterone

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9
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Stimulate the development of ovarian follicles, ⬆️ estrogen

Spermatogenesis

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10
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Stimulate ovulation

ICSH- ⬆️ testosterone

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11
Q

Why are ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH tropic hormones?

A

Because they stimulate other hormones.

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12
Q

What are the functions of ADH?

A

⬆️ H2O reabsorption

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What is the stimuli for ADH?

A

⬆️ plasma osmolarity

⬇️ BP

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14
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

They sense an increase in osmolarity and stimulate the release of ADH

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15
Q

What is diabetes insipidus- neurogenic and nephrogenic?

A

ADH deficient.
Neurogenic is inability to produce ADH
Nephrogenic is ability to produce ADH, but not responsive to it

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

Copious amounts of dilute urine. Specific gravity will be low.

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17
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection

Uterine contraction

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18
Q

What is the stimuli for Oxytocin ?

A

Suckling

Stretching of the uterus

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19
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid glands? What are thyroid follicles made of?

A

2 lobes connected by isthmus

Follicles are 1 layer of cuboidal epithelium + colloid

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20
Q

What element is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

Thyroglobin

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21
Q

What is produced in C cells?

A

Calcitonin

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22
Q

What are all of the functions of T3, T4?

A 
⬆️ metabolic rate
⬆️ heat production 
Normal hydration of skin
Important in tissue development 
⬆️ adrenergic receptors in blood vessels
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23
Q

What does calorigenic mean?

A

Increased heat production

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
Myxedema (puffiness of face and hands)
Cold
Weight gain
Sluggish
⬇️BP
Dry sin
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25
What is a cause of hypothyroidism?
Blow to the neck, low iodine intake, surgical removal of thyroid gland
26
What is treatment for hypothyroidism?
Synthroid- synthetic T3, T4
27
What is a goiter?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to elevated TSH
28
What is cretinism and symptoms?
Hypothyroidism in fetus. Symptoms are shortness, retardation, thick tongued
29
What is Graves' disease? Symptoms? Treatment?
Hyperthyroidism- occurs when mimic of TSH is produced Symptoms are exopathalamus (bulging eyes), weight loss, ⬆️ BP, ⬆️ HR, sweaty Treatment would be removal of thyroid gland or drink radioactive iodine
30
What is the function of calcitonin?
⬇️ blood calcium levels by ⬇️ osteoclasts activity | ⬇️ blood phosphate levels
31
What is the stimulus for calcitonin? and what are its target organs?
⬆️ blood calcium levels | Bones and kidneys are target organs
32
What are the functions of PTH and its control of secretion?
⬆️ blood calcium level ⬇️ blood phosphate levels The control of secretion hypocalcemia/ ⬇️ blood calcium
33
Name the 3 target organs for PTH and its effects
1. Kidney- PTH promotes the activation of vitamin D, ⬆️ calcium reabsorption at the DCT 2. Skeleton- PTH ⬆️ osteoclast activity 3. Intestine- vitamin D ⬆️ Ca+2 absorption
34
What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
⬆️ excitability of neurons ----- muscle tetany -----convulsions
35
What is the structure of the adrenal cortex?
Divided into the cortex and medulla
36
What are the 3 layers of the cortex and what hormones are produced there?
1. Zona glomerulosa- aldosterone 2. Zona fasiculata- cortisol 3. Zona reticularis- androgens/ sex hormones
37
What are the functions of aldosterone?
⬆️ Na+ reabsorption ⬆️ K+ secretion ⬆️ water reabsorption ⬆️ BV and BP
38
What are the stimuli for aldosterone?
1. renin-angiotensin system 2. low levels of Na+, high levels of K+ 3. ACTH
39
What hormone inhibits aldosterone release?
ANP
40
What is the function of glucocorticoids- cortisol?
1. ⬆️ blood glucose thru gluconeogenesis (carbohydrates---glucose) 2. ⬆️ lipolysis 3. ⬆️ protein break down 4. sensitize blood vessels to vasoconstrict--⬆️BP 5. anti-inflammatory
41
What is Cushing's Disease? Causes? Symptoms?
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids/cortisol. Causes ACTH- releasing pituitary tumor, tumor of adrenal cortex. Symptoms include: hyperglycemia, loss of muscle and bone protein, hypertension, moon face, "buffalo hump", enhanced inflammatory effects
42
What is Addison's Disease? Causes? Symptoms?
Hyposecretion of cortisol. Causes include defect of the adrenal gland (primary disorder), or decreased ACTH secretion (secondary disorder). Symptoms include:⬇️ Na+ levels, ⬆️ K+ levels, dehydration, hypotension, ⬇️ blood glucose, ***bronzing of skin***
43
What is treatment of Addison's Disease?
Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone
44
Why does skin bronze in Addison's Disease?
Because there is an increase in MSH which is part of the POMC molecule that contains ACTH which too increases
45
What is the function of gonadocorticoids?
May contribute to puberty
46
What cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Chromaffin cells
47
What is the DIRECT stimulus for epi/norepi?
SNS nerves
48
What are the functions of epi/norepi?
⬆️ HR, ⬆️ BP, ⬆️ glucose metabolism, ⬆️ respiratory rate, ⬆️ alertness, ⬇️ digestive activity
49
What are the functions of glucagon?
⬆️ blood glucose levels i. gluconeogenesis (noncarbohydrates---glucose) ii. glycogenolysis (glycogen---glucose)
50
What is the stimulus for glucagon?
⬇️ blood glucose
51
What are the functions of insulin?
⬇️ blood glucose i. glycogenesis (glucose---glycogen) ii. protein sunthesis iii. lipogenesis
52
What is the stimulus for insulin?
⬆️ blood glucose levels
53
What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
Hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, ⬆️ weight loss, metabolic acidosis, ketonuria. Type I- insulin independent Type II- insulin independent
54
What hormones deal with BP?
ADH, aldosterone, Epi/Norepi, T3 and T4
55
What hormones would relate to pregnancy?
FSH, LH, Oxytocin, TSH, PRL, T3 and T4,
56
What hormones deal with electrolytes?
Aldosterone, ACTH
57
What hormones are involved in stress?
TSH, T3 and T4, Cortisol
58
What hormones are hyperglycemic?
cortisol, glucagon, GH, ACTH
59
Name the 5 lobes produced and released from the anterior pituitary
TSH, GH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH
60
What are the indirect effects of GH?
GH stimulates liver to release insulin like growth factors----⬆️ skeletal growth, ⬆️ protein synthesis
61
What are the direct effects of GH?
Metabolic. Fat---⬆️ lipolysis, Carbohydrates---⬆️ blood glucose levels

BIO 139 (1 decks)

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