Ch 16 Performance enhancing substances

Question 1

what does ergogenic mean

Answer 1

enhance physical performance

Question 2

WADA

Answer 2

world anti-doping agency

Question 3

what do athletes use to try to mask the banned substance frm their urine

Answer 3

diuretics a few days in advance

Question 4

disadvantage of using diuretics for testing urine

Answer 4

easily detectable

Question 5

why is a substance or procedure on the WADA list?

Answer 5

meets 2 of the following 3 criteria:
1. it has the potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance
2. it represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
3. it violates the spirit of sport

Question 6

t or f: any substance that resembles or has the same effect as something on the WADA list is also prohibited.

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

a ____ substance will always result in a sanction

Answer 7

non-specified

Question 8

a ___ is a substance which potentially allows, under defined conditions, for a greater reduction of a sanction when an athlete tests positive for that particular substance.

Answer 8

specified substance

Question 9

purpose of specified substances

Answer 9

to recognize that it is possible for a substance to enter an athlete’s body inadvertently, and therefore allow a tribunal more flexibility when making a sanctioning decision.

Question 10

new category in the list

Answer 10

substances of abuse
ex: recreational or street drugs

Question 11

what is TUE

Answer 11

Therapeutic use exemption

Question 12

do they still test the athletes that have a TUE, why?

Answer 12

they still test them because there is a limit, so there will be sanctions if the drug is above an acceptable level.

Question 13

sanctioning - anabolic agents

Answer 13

any amount is considered a positive test

Question 14

sanctioning - hormones and related substances

Answer 14

the levels have to be above normal to be considered a positive test

Question 15

sanctioning - female hormone

Answer 15

estrogen is not prohibited at any level
blockers of estrogen receptor function are prohibited

Question 16

inclusions in hormone releasing factors and other substances (4)

Answer 16

erythropoiesis agents
growth hormones
sex hormones
insulin’s

Question 17

2 hormone antagonists and modulators:

Answer 17

myostatin modulators (inhibitors)
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)

Question 18

stimulants

Answer 18

most are prohibited in competition

Question 19

corticosteroids

Answer 19

they are all prohibited systematically

Question 20

3 prohibited methods

Answer 20

• gene doping/gene editing
• the use of normal or genetically modified cells
• any manipulation of blood (blood doping)

Question 21

2 methods not necessarily prohibited

Answer 21

• hypoxic chambers
• oxygen supplementation administered by inhalation

Question 22

2 substances only prohibited in certain sports during competition

Answer 22

alcohol and beta-blockers
ex: sport that require coordination or dangerous sports

Question 23

substances not prohibited but part of monitoring program:

Answer 23

caffeine
nicotine
phenylephrine (decongestant)

Question 24

benefit of using stimulants

Answer 24

increases arousal and alertness through stimulation of the central nervous system

Question 25

benefit of amphetamines for athletes

Answer 25

very small increase in performance but mask the feelings of fatigue even though the body is actually fatigued

Question 26

signs of amphetamine use

Answer 26

dilated pupils, dry mouth, lip smacking, restlessness, reduced appetite, cramps, weight loss, moody, tremors, argumentative, talktative/rapid speech, anxiety, hallucinations, increased libido

Question 27

benefit of ephedrine

Answer 27

energy enhancer increases fat utilization as energy (which spares glycogen)

Question 28

why is the amount of caffeine higher than indicated in energy drinks?

Answer 28

due to lax food-labelling laws by a disinterested government

Question 29

how many cups of strong coffee to be over the limit?

Answer 29

6 cups

Question 30

pharmacokinetics of caffeine?

Answer 30

caffeine is absorbed in the intestinal tract quickly and peak plasma levels in strenuous aerobic activities

Question 31

effect of caffeine on muscles

Answer 31

it acts directly on muscle to enhance exercise capacity particularly in repeated submaximal muscle actions

Question 32

metabolic effects of caffeine

Answer 32

increases fat catabolism and reduces carbohydrate oxidation

Question 33

which form of caffeine is more effective

Answer 33

pill form

Question 34

mechanism of action of caffeine

Answer 34

enhances motor neuron excitability to facilitate motor neuron unit recruitment by stimulating ion handling in muscles.

Question 35

androgenic effects are

Answer 35

masculinizing effects

Question 36

anabolic effects are

Answer 36

growth-effects

Question 37

can anabolic effects and androgenic effects be seperated

Answer 37

NON

Question 38

ergogenic effect of human growth hormone

Answer 38

increase muscle size and strength increase lean body mass due to fat mobilization controversial

Question 39

ergogenic effect of stimulants

Answer 39

increases protein synthesis, muscles strength, lean body mass effective only in previously trained athlete controversial

Question 40

beta-2 agonists

Answer 40

all prohibited without a TUE

Question 41

benefits of beta-2 agonists

Answer 41

reduces protein degradation increase lean body mass increase muscle strength not conclusive in research

Question 42

benefit of rEPO

Answer 42

increase RBC (hematocrit) increase oxygen and CO2 carrying capacity increase endurance in aerobic sports

Question 43

consequence of use of diuretics on body

Answer 43

increase excretion of sodium and water from kidney to urine, conserves potassium

Question 44

adverse effects of diuretics

Answer 44

- dehydration - loss of performance in endurance sports - electrolyte imbalances (hyperalkemia) - hypovolemia (low blood volume)

Question 45

role of anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 45

prevent the pain and inflammation following an athletic performance or training