Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ap Euro > Ch. 17 > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Flashcards

1
Q

open-field system

A

Middle Ages - 1600’s
Sustained fairly large numbers of people but did not produce a surplus
This leads to soil exhaustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

clover

A

Restored nitrogen directly to the soil through its roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

soil exhaustion

A

Wheat depletes nitrogen
Land recovers with a fallow period in which clover and other grasses spring up, restoring nutrients to the soil and providing food for the livestock
Early Middle Ages: year of crops, year of fallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three-year rotations

A

Year of wheat or rye -> year of oats or beans -> year of fallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

communal patterns of farming

A

Reinforced by traditional village rights
Open meadows for natural hay and pasture
Gleaning of grain: picking up single grains fallen during harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At the end of the 17th century, at least 80% of the people of Western Europe grew their livelihoods from agriculture (with the exception of the Dutch Republic and England - McKay’s “A History of Western Society”

A

Proof of agrarian society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Serfdom in Europe

A

Eastern Europe: serfdom
Western Europe: freedom; in France, western Germany, England, and the Low Countries peasants could own land and pass it on to their children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

By 1700 less than half the population of Britain and the Dutch Republic worked in agriculture and produced enough to feed the rest - McKay

A

Old agriculture methods were ineffective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

New ways of rotating crops

A

*Maintain lands in continuous cultivation
Alternate grain with crops that restore nutrients to the soil like beans, peas, root crops (turnips and potatoes), clover, and other grasses.

more fodder -> more animals -> more manure and fertilizer to restore the soil; more meat and dairy products; more power to pull plows and carts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

potatoes

A

Came to Europe through the Colombian Exchange
Easy to grow and very replenishing; common among peasants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

methodical farming

A

New experiments fueled by developments in the Scientific revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

enclosure

A

Fencing common fields into individual shares
This leads to new agricultural technologies and experimentation (PRO)
Leads to proletarianization (CON)
In France and Germany, open fields remain; in the Low Countries and England enclosure is adopted
This led to the rise of capitalist market-oriented estate agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dutch agriculture

A

One of the most densely populated areas in Europe -> demand for effective farming
Increase cultivated area through draining of marshes and swamps
Variety of crops
Enclosed fields
Manure as fertilizer
Continuous crop rotation
Adopted by the English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The pressure of population caused the growth of towns and cities. Amsterdam grew from 30,000 to 200,00 inhabitants in the 17th century - McKay

A

Proof of population growth = demand for farm products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cornelius Vermyuden

A

Dutch engineer; conducts a drainage project in Yorkshire and another in Cambridgeshire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the Cambridge fens, Vermyuden and his workers reclaimed 40,000 acres through drainage - McKay

A

Proof of Vermyuden’s work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Jethro Tull

A

English innovator and Enlightenment thinker
Empirical research to develop better methods
Use of horses over oxen
Sowing seeds with drilling equipment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Charles Townshed

A

English innovator
Continuous crop rotation using wheat, turnips, barley, and clover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Robert Bakewell

A

Selective breeding of ordinary livestock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Before 1700 more than half of the farmland was enclosed through private initiatives. In 1760-1815 a series of acts of Parliament enclosed most of the remaining common land. - McKay

A

Prood of the extensive English acceptance of the enclosure movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Arthur Young

A

English agricultural experimentalist
Large-scale enclosure is necessary to achieve progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Political Arithmetic

A

Why enclosure is amazing
Young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

proletarianization

A

Transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
Improvements in technology = fewer laborers needed = unemployment = many move to the city and work in factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

By the mid 16th century much of Europe had returned to its pre-plague population levels.

A

Proof of population re-balancing

24
Q

European price revolution

A

Period of inflation intensified by the inflow of America’s precious metals; substantially lowered living standards
*PUEDE SER COMPLEXITY

25
Q

During the 17th century population grew modestly at a rate of 0.5% - 1% per year, or enough to double the population in 70-140 years

A

Proof birth and death return to a balance

26
Q

Causes of demographic crisis

A

Famine: low crop yields and unpredictable weather conditions (in the 17th century much of Europe experienced unusually cold and wet weather)
Epidemic disease: typhus, smallpox, bubonic plague, syphilis, etc.
War (and its indirect effects): contagious diseases passed on by soldiers; farmlands, crops, and livestock are destroyed; soldiers appropriate food supplies and disrupt the agricultural cycle

27
Q

In famine years the number of deaths soared above normal. 1/3 of the village’s population may disappear in a year or 2. - McKay

A

Proof of famine and population loss

28
Q

During the Thirty Years’ War, the number of inhabitants in the German state declined by more than 2/3 in some large areas and by at least 1/3 almost everywhere else - McKay

A

Proof of war and population loss

29
Q

Europe: 120M in 1700 to 190M in 1800
Spain: 7.6M in 1700 to 10.5M in 1800
France: 18M in 1715 to 26M in 1789
England: 6M in 1750 to 10M+ in 1800
- Crash Course AP European History by Larry Krieger

A

Proof of population explosion in Europe

30
Q

From 1700 to 1835 the population doubled in size - McKay

A

Proof of population explosion in Europe

31
Q

Women had more babies because new opportunities for employment in rural industry allowed them to marry at an earlier age (especially in England) - McKay

A

Why there were more births

32
Q

Causes of growth in the 18th century

A

More babies and fewer deaths

33
Q

Why was there less death

A

Unexplained disappearance of the bubonic plague, which killed up to 100,000 (it disappeared in 1722, the last time it fell on western and central Europe)
Vaccine against smallpox, a disease that killed about 400,000 people in Europe each year
Improvements in water supply and sewage: reduce diseases in urban areas
Drainage of swamps: reduces insect population (flies and mosquitos which spread disease)
Canal and roadbuilding in Western Europe: lessened the impact of local crop failure and famine, emergency supplies could be brought in faster
Wars become less destructive; monarchs try to avoid civil wars
Advances in agricultural production

34
Q

Cottage industry

A

Industrial Revolution in the rural area; artisans

35
Q

Putting-out system

A

In the 18th century, a rural work system where merchants lent raw materials to cottage workers existed. Workers processed the materials and returned finished products to merchants.
Pros included low wages, unregulated work, and more product experimentation.
Cons were slow labor, controversies between merchants and workers, and the lowest possible wages paid to workers by merchants with police powers.

36
Q

By 1500 half of England’s textiles were being produced in the countryside. By 1700 English industry was generally more rural than urban and heavily reliant on the putting-out system. - McKay
Until the 19th century, the industry that employed the most people in Europe was textiles - McKay

A

Proof of successful development of the putting-out system in England and the textile industry

37
Q

John Kay

A

Improved the loom with the flying shutter

38
Q

All members of the family helped in the work, so that “every person from 7-80 (who retained sight and could move their hands) would earn their bread” - 18th century English observer
-McKay’s book

A

Handloom weaving was a family enterprise
Operating the loom was considered a man’s job and was done by the head of the family; women and children work at auxiliary tasks

39
Q

In England’s Yorkshire wool industry, a male wool comber earned 12 or more while women earned 3 1/2 shillings. - McKay

A

Women’s wages were usually much lower than men’s because they were not considered the family’s primary wage owner

40
Q

spinsters

A

Widows and single women who spun thread in their spare time
Usually struggle with poverty

41
Q

Consumer economy

A

Families work to buy, not produce
Women and children are introduced to wage work

42
Q

Women and children do wage work

A

Some say it’s exploitation; others say women choose to work to gain small economic independence.

43
Q

guild system

A

Organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations
The growth of rural industry undermines these institutions since they accept anyone
Served as social and religious functions

44
Q

Jean Baptiste Colbert

A

France’s finance minister during Louis XIV’s rule; revived urban guilds and used them to encourage high-quality production and collect taxes

45
Q

The number of guilds in the city of Paris grew from 60 (1672) to 129 (1691) -McKay

A

Reviving urban guilds

46
Q

Guilds restricted their membership to Christian men who had several years of work experience, paid membership fees, and completed a masterpiece -McKay

A

guild exclusivity

47
Q

Guild’s importance in society

A

England: national regulations superseded guild rules
France: rely on guilds for taxes and enforcement of quality standards, yet allow non-guild production to flourish
Germany: The most powerful European guilds, the most conservative, protested the encroachment of non-guild workers

48
Q

Adam Smith

A

Free competition gives all citizens equal rights to excel.
Self-interest in a competitive market is encouraged
Unregulated capitalism is not it: the government must intervene to raise living standards.
Division of labor is advocated for.
The government has three duties: defense, funding public works, and maintaining civil order.

49
Q

Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

A

Smith
The idea of freedom of enterprise
Basis for modern economics

50
Q

Economic liberalism

A

Belief in free trade and competition based on Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals

51
Q

Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot

A

French economics minister for Louis XV; made an edict that abolished all French guilds; his reforms were cancelled
*National Assembly definitively abolished guilds in 1791

52
Q

mercantilism

A

Aimed at increasing state power and creating a favorable balance of foreign trade (in order to increase a country’s stock of gold)

53
Q

Navigation Acts

A

English laws controlled imports to Britain and its colonies.
Colonists had to use British or American ships and buy almost all European goods from Britain.
This aimed to eliminate foreign competition and develop a skilled shipping industry.

54
Q

Anglo-Dutch wars

A

Britain won; seize new Amsterdam in 1664 and renamed it New York

55
Q

Britain vs. France

A

War of Spanish Succession: Ends in the Peace of Utrecht; Spain gives Britain control of its West African slave trade and lets Britain send one ship of merchandise into the Spanish colonies annually
War of Austrian Succession: nothing changes between France and Britain
Seven Years’ War: ends in Treaty of Paris; France gives Britain their Indian territory (except for Pondicherry)

56
Q

triangle trade

A

European commodities to Africa -> enslaved Africans to colonies -> colonial goods to Europe

57
Q
A

Ap Euro (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions