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anatomy > Ch 18; blood > Flashcards

Ch 18; blood Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTIONS:
heart-
arteries-
veins-
capillaries-

A
  • pumps blood
  • transport blood away from the heart
  • transport blood toward the heart
  • allow exchange between blood and body tissues
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2
Q

what is blood?
what does it do?
how is blood transported?

A
  • continuously regenerated connective tissue
  • moves gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
  • through the cardiovascular system
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3
Q

blood is made up of ____ and _____

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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4
Q

what are the formed elements and their function

A
  • erythrocytes > (99.9% of formed elements) transport respiratory gases (deliver O2, remove CO2) in the blood
  • leukocytes > defend against pathogens
  • platelets > fragments of megakaryocytes critical for blood clotting
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5
Q

components of plasma

A

92% water
7% plasma proteins
1% other solutes

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6
Q

relative abundance of plasma proteins

A

60% albumin
35% globulins
4% fibrinogen
<1% regulatory proteins

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7
Q

what does albumin do

A
  • maintains osmotic pressure (BP) and transports lipids, hormones, and steroids
  • allow circulation of hydrophobic hormones
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8
Q

what do globulins do

A

help transport immunoglobulins (antibodies) and other globulins through the blood

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9
Q

what does fibrinogen do

A

plasma protein for clotting blood, makes a meshwork fiber

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10
Q

relative abundance of leukocytes

A

50-70% neutrophils
20-30% lymphocytes
2-8% monocytes
2-4% eosinophils
<1% basophils

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11
Q

what is the buffy coat

A

leukocytes and thrombocytes

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12
Q

an erythrocytes structures complements ________

A

function

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13
Q

describe the shape of an erythrocyte and why

A

Biconcave shape allows RBCs to bend, fold and stack to prevent blockage. Biconcavity also increases the surface area for gas exchange.

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14
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

A

No, they are anucleate, non-miotic, carry little DNA, can’t synthesize proteins, and are prone to apoptosis.

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15
Q

what is hematopoiesis
where does it occur

A
  • production of formed elements (all blood cells)
  • red bone marrow of certain bones
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16
Q

we utilize hematopoietic stem cells that are _____; this means?

A
  • pluripotent: can differentiate into many types of cells
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17
Q

As hematopoietic stem cells mature what two lines are produced and what do they form?

A

Myeloid line > forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes
Lymphoid line > forms only lymphocytes

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18
Q

the creation of platelets is called?

A
  • thrombopoiesis
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19
Q

megakaryoblasts form? describe them

A
  • megakaryocytes under the influence of thrombopoietin
  • megakaryocytes are large and have a multilobed nucleus
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20
Q

How do megakaryocytes produce platelets

A

Produce proplatelets (long extensions) to produce thousands of platelets. They extend through blood vessel walls into the bloodstream and slice off fragments.

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21
Q

what is the creation of red blood cells?
what hormone controls this?
where is the hormone produced?
secretion is stimulated by?

A

-Erythropoiesis
- controlled by the hormone Erythropoietin
- produced primarily in the kidneys, little in the liver
- stimulated by a decrease in blood oxygen

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22
Q

how do myeloid cells respond to EPO? what does this do?

A

They respond by making more erythrocytes and releasing them into circulation in order for them to increase the blood oxygen supply.

23
Q

what other things stimulate EPO

A
  • testosterone; hence why males have more red blood cells, higher hematocrit
  • environmental factors; high altitude: low oxygen levels stimulate EPO
24
Q

what is hemoglobin?

what does oxygenated/deoxygenated mean?

A
  • red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • oxygenated means all 4 hemes of iron have an oxygen ion bind to it, deoxygenated has 3 or less hemes bound to an oxygen ion
25
Q

describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule

A

Each hemoglobin is composed of 4 globins; two alpha chains and two beta chains. Each chain has a heme group with iron in the middle where oxygen can bind.

26
Q

what is a heme group?

A
  • a porphyrin ring that surrounds a single iron molecule
27
Q

describe the binding between oxygen and iron

describe how oxygen attaches

A
  • weak
  • rapid attachment in the lungs and rapid detachment in body tissue
28
Q

where does carbon dioxide bind?

is the bond weak or strong?

describe the attachment patterns?

A
  • onto globin protein, not the iron core
  • fairly weak
  • attachment in body tissues and detachment in the lungs
29
Q

what is the “fate of heme”3

A
  1. heme converted to biliverdin then BILIRUBIN
  2. Bilirubin is transported through the plasma to the liver and incorporated into BILE
  3. in the intestine, bilirubin is converted to STERCOBILIN and incorporated into feces or transported to the kidneys to be exported
30
Q

what is the “fate of iron”

A

iron is bound to TRANSFERRIN then transported to BONE MARROW for erythropoiesis

31
Q

list the granulocytes?

agranulocytes?

A

Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

32
Q

describe the abundance of leukocytes

A

neutrophils - 50-70%

lymphocytes - 25-40%

monocytes - 4-8%

eosinophils - 2-4%

basophils - <1%

33
Q

what are the characteristics of leukocytes? (5)

A
  • nucleated, membrane-bound organelles, no hemoglobin
  • move in amoeboid motion > extend their cytoplasm to move
  • respond to chemical signals > chemotaxis
  • form transient bonds to BVs w/ adhesion receptors > margination
  • can slip between endothelial cells > diapedesis
34
Q

features of neutrophils (4)

A
  • large and contain multi lobed nuclei
  • stain light purple
  • efficient killers of bacteria via phagocytosis
  • granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, defensins, antimicrobial peptides, and lysosomes to digest bacterial cell walls
35
Q

features of eosinophils (4)

A
  • large with bi lobed nuclei
  • stain bright red with dye eosin
  • combat multicellular parasites
  • contribute to asthma/allergies
36
Q

features of basophils (4)

A
  • bi lobed nuclei; stain dark blue (can’t see nucleus)
  • granules contain histamine, serotonin, heparin, and prostaglandins
  • supporting role in infections
  • contribute to allergies and anaphylaxis
37
Q

features of lymphocytes (4)

A
  • large nucleus, little cytoplasm

-smallest

  • B-lymphocytes > produce antibodies
  • T-lymphocytes > fight abnormal/cancerous/virus-infected cells
38
Q

features of monocytes (2)

A
  • largest leukocyte; kidneybean nucleus; stain dark blue and purple
  • exit circulation and transform into macrophages to engulf foreign invaders by phagocytosis
39
Q

how is blood type determined?

what does the presence of the Rhesus factor mean?

A
  • determined by surface antigens on plasma membrane of erythrocytes
  • you are positive for antigen D on your erythrocytes cell surface
40
Q

what happens if someone receives an incompatible transfusion

A
  • Agglutination occurs > the antigens in your blood clump together
41
Q

what blood type is the universal donor?

who is the universal recipient?

A

> O-

> AB+

42
Q

what is hemostasis

what is the order in which it occurs

A
  • the process of stopping blood loss
  • vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase, clot retraction
43
Q

describe a vascular spasm
-what happens to blood vessels
- how long does it last
- what factor furthers constriction
- more damage = ?

A
  • blood vessels constrict to limit blood loss
  • lasts a few to many minutes
  • platelets and endothelial cells release chemicals that stimulate further constriction
  • more damage = more constriction
44
Q

t/f in uninjured tissue, platelet activity is inhibited

A

TRUE - BV endothelial walls are coated in prostacyclin; an eicosanoid that repels platelets

45
Q

describe the platelet plug formation 3

A
  • collagen fibers in the vessel wall are exposed
  • platelets stick to collagen and develop long extensions for better adhesion
  • many platelets aggregate and close off injury
46
Q

describe the coagulation phase? 4

A
  • blood clotting
  • network of fibrin (insoluble plasma protein) forms a mesh
  • mesh traps erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma proteins to form clot
  • requires calcium, clotting factors, and vitamin K
47
Q

where does fibrin come from

what role does vitamin K play

A
  • its soluble precursor: fibrinogen
  • turn fibrinogen to fibrin
48
Q

describe the elimination of the clot

A
  1. clot retraction > Proteins within platelets contract and squeeze serum out of the developing clot and make it smaller
  2. fibrinolysis > degradation of fibrin strands by plasmin; starts 2 days after clot formation, occurs slowly
  3. once fibrin is degraded, platelets can disassociate
49
Q

If you lose over 10% of your blood, what happens?

how long is this effective for?

A
  • The sympathetic NS increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, and heart beats. Blood is redistributed to the heart and brain.
  • This is effective in maintaining BP until 40% of blood loss.
50
Q

what is hemophilia?

causes?

effects?

A
  • inherited bleeding disorder
  • mutation on the X chromosome of the gene responsible for making clotting factor proteins (factors VIII, IX, XI)
  • excessive bleeding, and inability to form proper clots, affects males more
51
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

causes?

effects? 4

A
  • inheritable blood disorder of impaired oxygen-carrying capability of RBCs
  • single point mutation in beta-globin gene; passed on as a survival advantage for malaria because parasites can’t reproduce in sickle cells
  • 1) misfolded beta chain 2) polymerization of hemoglobin 3) prone to clogging 4) low O2 levels.
52
Q

what is hemolytic anemia?

causes?

Effects?

A
  • premature destruction of RBCs
    1. extrinsic factors = outside factors, immune response, trauma, infection 2. intrinsic factors = genetic, mutation of enzyme that protects RBCs from ROS
  • low count of RBCs, low O2 levels; Jaundice from bilirubin
53
Q

what is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

causes?

treatment?

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis: attack of fetal RBC by moms immune system

caused by fetus being Rh+ but mom is Rh-. Anti-Rh antibodies cross the placental border. First pregnancy sensitizes mother, so anti-Rh antibodies are present for 2nd pregnancy

injection of anti-Rh antibodies into mother. this destroys Rh+ cells before noticed by the immune system.

anatomy (17 decks)

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