Ch. 18 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Why do Arteries need to be able to expand?
A
because of high pressure caused by contraction of heart
2
Q
What do Arteries contain?
A
Arteries contain elastic layer and smooth muscle layer
3
Q
How are Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries used to?
A
used to regulate blood flow
4
Q
What are arteries controlled by?
A
Controlled by ANS
5
Q
What kind of vessels are Veins and venules?
A
vessels that return blood from tissues to heart
6
Q
Why are Walls of veins thinner?
A
because blood pressure is lower than in arteries
7
Q
What valves do veins have?
A
Veins have unidirectional valves that prevent backward flow of blood
8
Q
What kind of veins are Varicose veins?
A
veins that have become dilated and twisted because of incompetent (leaky) valves
9
Q
What percentage of adults suffer from varicose veins?
A
15 %
10
Q
What kind of site are Capillaries?
A
where oxygen and food molecules are transferred from blood to body’s cells
11
Q
What are capilaries composed of?
A
They are composed only of endothelial cells
12
Q
What is distance from cells to capillaries?
A
no more than 100 mm from capillary
13
Q
How is Blood pressure in capillaries compared to arteries?
A
Blood pressure is far lower in capillaries than in arteries
14
Q
Where would capilarties bed be opened or closed with?
A
precapillary sphincters, based on physiological needs of tissues
15
Q
How much fluid does body lose each day due to capillary exchange and why does this occur?
A
body loses about 4 litres of fluid each day and this is because cardiovascular system is very leaky
16
Q
Why Fluid moves out of capillaries and into interstitial space?
A
because of hydrostatic pressure
17
Q
What is hydrostatic pressure?
A
pressure of fluid moving through blood vessels
18
Q
What should body use to collect and recycle fluid
A
Body should use second circulatory system = lymphatic system
19
Q
What is interstitial fluid compared to lymph?
A
it is fluid in between cells
20
Q
What is lymph compared to interstitial fluid?
A
fluid in between cells that enters lymphatic vessels
21
Q
Where does lymph ultimately re-enter?
A
bloodstream
22
Q
What is Peristalsis?
A
smooth muscle in lymphatic vessel walls exerts slow contractions
23
Q
What does Valves prevent?
A
backflow of lymph
24
Q
What are skeletal pump?
A
contraction of skeletal muscles around blood vessels or lymphatic vessels to propel blood or lymph through vessels
25
How fast and tight is flow through lymphatic vessels?
slow and low pressure
26
What do Lymphatic vessels take up?
cells, proteins, debris etc. (unlike blood vessels)
27
What happens when lymph detour into lymph nodes
lymph is cleaned & examined by immune cells for pathogens, etc
28
What factors are Movement of blood through blood vessels affected?
by three factors: Flow, pressure and resistance
29
What are flow, pressure and resistance?
Flow is amount of blood volume;
blood pressure is force of blood volume on walls of blood vessels;
resistance is force that opposes blood flow
30
What is blood flow directly and indirectly proportional to?
directly proportional to pressure and indirectly to resistance
31
What is equation of blood flow?
Blood Flow = change in pressure/resistance
32
When does blood flow increase?
Increases when pressure increases or resistance decreases
33
When does heart increase pressure and why?
heart increases pressure at beginning of circulation to create blood flow through systemic and pulmonary circulations
34
What would Narrowing of arteries increase?
will increase resistance to blood flow; therefore, contraction of ventricle increased pressure to facilitate blood flow
35
Where does Varying cardiac output alter?
within vessels
36
Where do blood flows in terms of pressure?
Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
37
Where is Highest pressure ?
It is in aorta because of contraction of heart
38
In what order both blood flow and pressure decrease?
arteries to arterioles to capillaries; because diameter of vessels are getting smaller?
39
What is blood flow dictated by?
primarily dictated by changes in blood vessel resistance due to vasodilation and vasoconstriction
40
What would Vasodilation of blood vessels do to resistant and blood flow?
decrease resistance and increase blood flow
41
What would Vasoconstriction of blood vessels do to resistant and blood flow?
increases resistance, decreasing blood flow
42
What would Tissues that need more oxygen and nutrients require?
More blood flow
43
What would each Body temperature (high or low) do to blood flow?
* Increased temperature causes vasodilation (decrease resistance)
* Decreased temperature causes vasoconstriction (increase resistance)
44
What would increase in blood volume cause?
increases blood pressure and flow to all areas of body because it increases cardiac output
45
What plays significant part in regulating blood volume?
kidneys play most significant role in regulating blood volume
46
What is Viscosity, thickness of blood, determined primarily by?
by hematocrit level; under normal circumstances, it should not change
47
What would Increased viscosity cause?
increases resistance and decrease blood flow
48
What can Anemia (decreased red blood cell numbers) cause?
decreased resistance
49
What is Atherosclerosis?
primary cause of cardiovascular disease, which is build-up of plaque (mostly fat and
immune cells) within walls of blood vessels
50
What does turbulent blood flow cause?
increases resistance and decreases both flow to that tissue
51
What does Diuretics decrease?
blood volume (decrease blood pressure and blood flow
52
What does Vasodilators decrease?
decrease vascular resistance
53
How much is Normal resting cardiac output?
approximately 5 L/min
54
What is blood pressure in blood vessel defined as?
force exerted by blood against vessel wall
55
What does blood pressure keep?
pressure, caused by pumping of the heart, keeps blood circulating
56
What does Every blood vessel in circulatory system?
it has its own blood pressure, which changes continually
57
When you measure blood pressure with sphygmomanometer, which pressure are
you measuring: arterial, venous, or capillary?
arterial pressure
58
normal, healthy blood pressure is approximately 120/80
What what does each number mean?
First number means systolic pressure and second number is diastolic number
59
What will happen to blood flow if you increase resistance?
Decrease
60
What will happen to blood flow if you increase pressure?
Increase
61
What will happen to pressure if you decrease blood flow?
Decrease
62
What will happen to blood pressure if you increase resistance?
Increase
63
What will happen to your blood pressure if you sit in a hot sauna or bathtub? Why?
Pressure decrease due to vasodilation reducing resistance
64
What will happen to your blood pressure if you take vasodilators?
Decrease due to decrease resistance
65
What will happen to your blood pressure if you take diuretics?
Decrease because blood volume decreases (cardia output decreases)
66
Which blood vessels are regulated by sphincters?
Capillaries
67
Which of following causes fluid to leave blood vessels?
Capillary Hydrostatic pressure
68
If the resistance in a vessel is decreased, which has occurred?
Vasodilation and the flow is increased
69
Bob is standing in the snow and his feet are cold. Which of the following is true?
Blood flow to his feet is decreased because of vasoconstriction
70
If the blood vessels in your skin dilate, what happens to the flow and blood pressure in those vessels?
They both increase
71
What happens to your blood pressure if you take a diuretic?
It decreases
72
What are Baroreceptors?
type of mechanoreceptor and detect stretch in blood vessels
73
What do Chemoreceptors detect?
chemicals such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions (i.e., determine blood acidity)
74
What do Osmoreceptors detect?
ions (Na+, K+, and Cl –) that play a role in osmotic balance. Increased Na+ will increase thirst
75
What do Proprioceptors detect?
body position and movement
76
What does Antidiuretic hormone signal?
signals distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney to increase water reabsorption (increase blood volume which will increase pressure)
77
What does Aldosterone signal?
signals distal tubule of kidney to increase sodium reabsorption (increases water reabsorption, which leads to increase blood volume and in turn pressure)
78
What do Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase?
increase blood pressure by increasing resistance through vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output
79
What does Angiotensin II stimulate?
stimulates production of aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction
80
What does Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cause?
causes kidneys to excrete sodium and, therefore, lowers blood volume and blood pressure; ANP also lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation
81
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure
82
What is Orthostatic hypotension?
temporary drop in blood pressure when standing up from prone or reclining position;Also called postural hypotension
83
What causes hypotension?
blood pooling in extremities and SNS not signaling lower vessels to constrict and send blood back toward heart quickly
84
What is Chronic hypotension?
poor nutrition, low viscosity of blood, or Addison’s disease
85
What is Hemorrhage?
major cause of hypotension
86
What is VO2 max?
maximal oxygen consumption that can be reached during exercise
87
What is VO2 max Limited by?
* Cardiac output ** primary factor
* Respiratory system
* Muscle’s ability to use oxygen
88
What increases As workload increase?
heart rate increases (stroke volume increases less than heart rate)
89
What increases VO2 max?
endurance training
90
What does Extra weight cause and raise?
causes heart to work harder and raises blood pressure, particularly if
you carry extra weight around your waist
91
How is Visceral fat compared to subcutaneous fat?
Visceral fat is much worse than subcutaneous fat
92
What should we do To decrease LDLs?
eat less sugar and trans fats
93
What should we do To increase HDLs?
exercise and fast to burn stored fat
94
What would be effects on your body if you have untreated hypertension for many years?
Stress on heart: enlarged heart ( heart muscle will increase in size to compensate for increased load)-Leads to arrhythmias and hypoxia
Small hemorrhages in capillaries due to increased pressure in capillaries can lead to following:
* Kidney damage
* Brain damage (stroke)
* Retinal damage
* Lung damage
95
What do People with metabolic syndrome significantly have?
increased risk of death from heart attack or stroke
96
when is person considered to have metabolic syndrome?
when they have central obesity (abdominal fat)—waist more than 35 inches in females; more than 40 inches in males—as well as two of the following:
* High blood triglycerides
* Low HDLs
* High resting blood pressure (systolic > 130
mmhg or diastolic > 85 mmhg)
* High fasting blood glucose (greater than 5.6
mmol/L or diagnosed diabetes)
97
how much is normal daily amount for healthy and hypertension?
3 to 5 g per day is OK if you are healthy; less than 3 g per day if you have hypertension
98
What does Diuretics do?
increase water excretion
99
What does Beta blockers do?
decrease effects of epinephrine, thereby decreasing heart rate
100
What does Alpha blockers do?
decrease effects of norepinephrine—affects vascular tone and, therefore, heart rate
101
What do Calcium channel blockers do?
decrease heart contraction and contraction of blood vessels
102
What do Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) do?
dilate blood vessels
103
What do ACE inhibitors do?
decrease production of aldosterone
104
What do Angiotensin II receptor blockers do?
decrease aldosterone and cause vasodilation
105
If blood pressure is high, which of following will be produced?
Atrial naturetic peptide
106
What do baroreceptors detect?
Blood pressure
107
60-year-old man went to Shopper's to test his blood pressure and had BP of 141/90... he has what?
Hypertension
108
Which of following decreases heart rate by decreasing effects of epinephrine?
Beta blockers
109
What is cause of Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)?
lack of oxygen to heart muscle called ischemia or hypoxia
110
Why would person’s heart have ischemia?
Decreased blood flow in coronary arteries
111
What are Plaque in blood vessels called?
atherosclerosis
112
What does Hypertension lead to?
enlarged heart
113
What are Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)?
chest pain, pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation
114
What can Myocardial infarction May also be experienced as?
radiating pain in arms (often inner left arm), shoulders, neck, and/or jaw
115
What is Angina typically precipitated by?
exertion or emotional stress
116
How can Angina be exacerbated?
by having a full stomach and by cold temperatures
117
What can pain of angina become accompanied by?
breathlessness, sweating, and nausea in some cases
118
How long does Angina last?
few minutes or less while heart attack symptoms last much longer, sometimes hours
119
What are Symptoms of Angina?
Symptoms may be very mild; this is called TIA (transient ischemic attack) and it usually indicates that stroke is highly likely
Other symptoms depend on part of brain that is damaged: headache, dizziness, weakness on one side of body, blurred vision, nausea, numbness, altered sense of
smell, and/or hearing problems
120
What does Long-term effects depend on?
depend on extent of hypoxia that area of brain has undergone
121
What can Extensive damage lead to?
death of cells that were deprived of oxygen
122
What can physiotherapy gradually increase and why?
function of parts of body that were affected by stroke this is mostly due to plasticity of brain, meaning that nearby areas can take on new functions
123
Gus is shoveling his driveway when he gets a sudden pain in his chest that goes away after he rests for a couple of minutes. What has probably happened to Gus?
Angina
124
Hazel woke up in the morning with a numb right arm and the right side of her face drooping. What is happening to Hazel?
Transient ischemic attack
