ch 18: endocrine system

Question 1

what is the name for chemical messengers secreted directly into the blood by endocrine glands (ductless glands) and specialized cells in tissues throughout the body?

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

do endocrine glands have ducts?

Answer 2

no, they are ductless glands

Question 3

where do hormones come into contact with?

Answer 3

all parts of the body. they can have widespread effects

Question 4

true or false: hormones only cause a response in those cells that have a receptor specific for the hormone.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what is the anatomy of hte hypothalamus?

Answer 5

it is part of the brain that forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle

Question 6

where in the brain is the pituitary gland?

Answer 6

it hangs below the hypothalamus into the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 7

another name for pituitary gland?

Answer 7

hypophysis

Question 8

what is the anterior part of the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

the adenohypophysis (aka hypophyseal portal system)

Question 9

what is the posterior part of the pituitary?

Answer 9

the neurohypophysis

Question 10

what connects to the neurohypophysis?

Answer 10

the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 11

what kind of hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 11

releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 12

what do the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus do?

Answer 12

they stimulate anterior pituitary secretion

Question 13

what do inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus do?

Answer 13

they suppress pituitary secretion

Question 14

what are the two posterior gland hormones?

Answer 14

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

what kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 15

gonadotropins, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), Prolactin (PRL), Growth hotmone (GH)

Question 16

what are the different kind of gonadotropins?

Answer 16

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 17

in women, what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulate?

Answer 17

stimulates the development of eggs and follicles that contain them and stimulates the secrection of ovarian hormones (e.g. estrogen)

Question 18

what is the acronym for follicle stimulating hormone?

Answer 18

FSH

Question 19

in males, what does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?

Answer 19

stimulates sperm production

Question 20

what does LH stand for?

Answer 20

Luteneizing hormone

Question 21

in women, what does luteinizing hormone stimulate?

Answer 21

stimulates ovulation and subsequent development of the corpus luteum, a structure formed from the collapsed follicle after ovulation

Question 22

in men, what does Luteinizing hormone stimulate?

Answer 22

stimulates the production of testosterone

Question 23

what does TSH stand for?

Answer 23

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 24

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Answer 24

targets the thyroid gland, specifically stimulating the growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 25

what is the acronym of adrenocorticotropin?

Answer 25

ACTH

Question 26

what is the purpose of adrenocorticotropin?

Answer 26

released in response to stress, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids, hormones important in glucose, protein, and fat metabolism

Question 27

what is the importance of glucocorticoids?

Answer 27

they are hormones important in glucose, protein, and fat metabolism

Question 28

what is the acronym for prolactin?

Answer 28

PRL

Question 29

why/when is prolactin secreted in women?

Answer 29

secreted during pregnancy and lactation. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.

Question 30

why is prolactin secreted in males?

Answer 30

it enhances the sensitivity of testes to LH , so it is indirectly involved in testosterone production

Question 31

what does GH stand for?

Answer 31

growth hormone

Question 32

What does growth hormone do?

Answer 32

promotes mitosis and cell differentiation that results in tissue growth and stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors

Question 33

what structure are growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin, thyroid stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, and gonadotropins?

Answer 33

anterior pituitary

Question 34

what does the posterior pituitary do in relation to hormones?

Answer 34

does NOT produce hormones; stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

Question 35

what hormones are synthesized by cells in the hypothalamus?

Answer 35

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 36

what is the acronym for antiduiretic hormone?

Answer 36

ADH

Question 37

what does Antiduiretic hormone do?

Answer 37

increases water retention by the kidneys and reduces urine volume. it helps to prevent dehydration

Question 38

what is antiduiretic hormone also called

Answer 38

vasopressin

Question 39

what does OT stand for?

Answer 39

oxytocin

Question 40

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 40

stimulates contrctions of the uterus during childbirth and stimulates the milk "let-down" response, ejection of milk from the nipple during lactation. in both sexes, it plays a role in emotional bonding between partners and between parents and offspring

Question 41

what does the pineal gland do?

Answer 41

secretes melatonin

Question 42

what endocrine gland plays a role in the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems and is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes?

Answer 42

the thymus

Question 43

which endocrine gland secretes melatinin?

Answer 43

pineal gland

Question 44

withing the thyroid gland, follicular cells produce which two homones?

Answer 44

thyroxine (T4) and triidothyronine (T3)

Question 45

in the thyroid gland, what do C (parafollicular) cells do?

Answer 45

secrete calcitonin

Question 46

what is calcitonin?

Answer 46

a hormone that is released by C cells when blood calcium levels rise

Question 47

what does the secretion of C (parafollicular) cells do?

Answer 47

inhibits the bone-reabsorbing activity of osteoclasts and decreases levels of blood calcium

Question 48

what hormone decreases levels of blood calcium?

Answer 48

calcitonin

Question 49

where are the parathyroid glands found?

Answer 49

on the posterior side of the thyroid glands

Question 50

what does PTH stand for?

Answer 50

parathyroid hormone

Question 51

what does PTH do?

Answer 51

increases levels of blood calcium by enhancing intestinal absorption, inhibiting excretion of calcium in the urine, and directly stimulating osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and release calcium from the skeleton.

Question 52

what hormone increases levels of blood calcium by enhancing intestinal absorption, inhibiting excretion of calcium in the urine, and directly stimulating osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and release calcium from the skeleton.?

Answer 52

parathyoid hormone

Question 53

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 53

the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

Question 54

what does the adrenal medulla consist of?

Answer 54

sympathetic ganglion consisting of chromaffin cells

Question 55

what are chromaffin cells?

Answer 55

cells in the adrenal medulla that are modified neurons devoid of dendrites and axons

Question 56

how do adrenal glands respond to sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 56

by secreting catacholamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small group of dopamine. the secretion occurs in response to stress

Question 57

what part of the adrenal gland secretes more than 25 corticosteroids (corticoids)?

Answer 57

adrenal cortex

Question 58

what do glucocorticoids do ?

Answer 58

stimulate fat and protein catabolism and release glucose and fatty acids to the blood

Question 59

what is the principal glucocorticoid

Answer 59

cortisol

Question 60

what gland is mainly an exocrine digestive gland but has endocrine cells sprinkled throughout in clusters called islets of Langerhans

Answer 60

pancreas

Question 61

what are pancreatic islets

Answer 61

endocrine cells sprinkled throughout the pancreas in clusters. aka islets of Langerhans

Question 62

the cells in the islets belong to how many classes?

Answer 62

five classes

Question 63

what do alpha cells do?

Answer 63

have glucagon that raises the blood glucose level between meals

Question 64

what do Beta cells do?

Answer 64

have insulin that antagonized the effects of glucagon after a meal

Question 65

what do Delta cells do?

Answer 65

have somatostatin that inhibits some digestive enzyme secretion and nutrient absorption and acts as a paracrine secretion to moderate other types of islet cells

Question 66

true of false: the gonads are only endocrine glands

Answer 66

false. the gonads are BOTH endocrine and exocrine glands

Question 67

what are the exocrine products of the gonads?

Answer 67

eggs and sperm

Question 68

what are the endocrine products of the gonads?

Answer 68

steroid hormones

Question 69

true of false: endocrine cells are scattered throughout the body in other organs?

Answer 69

true

Question 70

what other organs have endocrine cells?

Answer 70

liver, kidneys, heart, and adipose tissue

Question 71

what hormone does the liver produce?

Answer 71

produces erythropoietin

Question 72

what does the hormone erythropoeitin (EPO) stimulate

Answer 72

stimulates RBC production and hepcidin, which regulates iron metabilism

Question 73

what hormone do the kidneys secrete

Answer 73

most of body's erythrpoietin (EPO)

Question 74

what is the acronym for erythropoietin?

Answer 74

EPO

Question 75

what hormone does the heart have and what effect does this cause?

Answer 75

has matural peptides that have the overall effect of lowering blood pressure

Question 76

what hormone do fat cells in adipose tissue secrete?

Answer 76

secrete leptin

Question 77

what does leptin do?

Answer 77

signals levels of fat reserves to the hypothalamus, which influences appetite and food intake, and therefore is of great interest to researchers focusing on obesity