ch 18 vocab

Question 1

internet service provider (isp)

Answer 1

an organization or firm that provides access to the internet

Question 2

url

Answer 2

often used interchangeable with “web address,”; identify resources on the internet along with the application protocol needed to retrieve it

Question 3

hypertext transfer protocol (http)

Answer 3

application transfer protocol that allows web browsers and web servers to communicate with each other

Question 4

protocol

Answer 4

enables communication by defining the format of data and rules for exchange

Question 5

secure sockets layer (ssl)

Answer 5

a security standard that creates an encrypted link between a web server and a browser; websites that use this will begin with the https (note the ‘s’ at the end)

Question 6

ftp

Answer 6

application transfer protocol that is used to copy files from one computer to another

Question 7

load balancing

Answer 7

distributing a computing or networking workload across multiple systems to avoid congestion and slow performance

Question 8

fault-tolerance

Answer 8

the ability of a system to continue operation even if a component fails

Question 9

web hosting services

Answer 9

a firm that provides hardware and services to run the websites of others

Question 10

internet corporation for assigned names and numbers (icann)

Answer 10

nonprofit organization responsible for managing the internet’s domain and numbering system

Question 11

stlds

Answer 11

sponsored top-level domains run by private agencies or organizations with established rules restricting the eligibility of restraints (ex: only those in the aerospace industry can use .aero, only education institutions have access to .edu)

Question 12

cctlds

Answer 12

two-character country code top-level domains

Question 13

geographic tlds

Answer 13

top-level domains that are not two-level country codes, but that are associated with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural community (ex: .cat (for catalan), .paris, and .asia)

Question 14

cybersquatting

Answer 14

acquiring a domain name that refers to a firm, individual, product, or trademark, with the goal of exploiting it for financial gain. this practice is illegal in many nations, and icann has a dispute resolution mechanism that in some circumstances, can strip cybersquatters of registered domains

Question 15

hypertext markup language (html)

Answer 15

language used to compose web pages

Question 16

ip address

Answer 16

a value used to identify a device that is connected to the internet; usually expressed as four numbers (from 0 to 255), separated by periods

Question 17

network address translation (nat)

Answer 17

a technique often used to conserve ip addresses by mapping devices on a private network to a single internet-connected device that acts on their behalf

Question 18

domain name service (dns)

Answer 18

internet directory service that allows devices and services to be named and discoverable; helps your browser locate the appropriate computers when entering an address like http://finance.google.com

Question 19

cache

Answer 19

a temporary storage space used to speed computing tasks

Question 20

transmission control protocol (tcp)

Answer 20

works at both ends of most internet communications to ensure a perfect copy of a message is senta

Question 21

packet (or datagram)

Answer 21

a unit of data forwarded by a network; all internet transmissions - urls, web pages, emails - are divided into one or more packets

Question 22

internet protocol (ip)

Answer 22

routing protocol that is in charge of forwarding packets on the internet

Question 23

router

Answer 23

a computing device that connects networks and exchanges data between them

Question 24

user datagram protocol (udp)

Answer 24

protocol that operates instead of tcp in applications where delivery speed is important and quality can be sacrificed

Question 25

voice over internet protocol (voip)

Answer 25

transmission technologies that enable voice communications (phone calls) to take place over the internet as well as private packet-switched networks

Question 26

peering

Answer 26

when separate isps link their networks to swap traffic on the internet

Question 27

colocation facility

Answer 27

aka “colo,” or carrier hotel; provides a place where the gear from multiple firms can come together and where the peering of internet traffic can take place; equipment connecting in colos could be high-speed lines from isps, telecom lines from large private data centers, or even servers hosted in a colo to be closer to high-speed internet connections

Question 28

internet backbone

Answer 28

high-speed data lines provided by many firms all across the world that interconnect and collectively form the core of the internet

Question 29

amdahl’s law

Answer 29

a system’s speed is determined by its slowest component

Question 30

last mile

Answer 30

technologies that connect end users to the internet; last-mile problem refers to the fact thar these connections are usually the slowest part of the network

Question 31

broadband

Answer 31

broadly refers to high-speed internet connections and is often applied to “last-mile” technologies

Question 32

bandwidth

Answer 32

network transmission speeds, typically expressed in some form of bits per second (bps)

Question 33

coaxial able

Answer 33

insulated copper cable commonly used by cable television providers

Question 34

digital subscriber line (dsl)

Answer 34

broadband technology that uses the wires of a local telephone network

Question 35

fiber to the home (ftth)

Answer 35

broadband service provided via light-transmitting fiber-optic cables

Question 36

wireless spectrum

Answer 36

frequencies used for wireless communication; most mobile cell phone services have to license spectrum; some technologies (wifi) use unlicensed public spectrum

Question 37

geo

Answer 37

geosynchronous earth orbit satellites travel at ~22,000 miles above the earth’s surface; this points keep them in a fixed orbit on the rotating earth’s surface, but the distance produces a transmission latency of about 1/2 second in each direction

Question 38

wifi

Answer 38

a term used to brand wireless local-area networking devices; devices typically connect to an antenna-equipped base station or hotspot, which is then connected to the internet; these devices use standards known as ieee 802.11, and various versions of this standard may operate in different frequency bands and have access ranges

Question 39

bluetooth

Answer 39

a standard for short-range (~20ft or less) wireless connectivity, typically meant to eliminate cabling used for things like speakers, printers, cameras, and other devices