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Genetics Exam 2 > Ch. 19 > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three Levels of Immune Protection

A
  • skin
  • innate immune system
  • adaptive immune system
    each level increases aggressivity
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2
Q

The Skin & its associated organisms

A

skin = physical barrier to pathogens, mucus and lysozyme kill invading bacteria

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3
Q

Innate Immune System

A

Nonspecific responses, inflammation, complement system (fever)

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4
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

very SPECIFIC responses, antibody-mediated immunity, cell-mediated immunity

dendritic cells present antigens - produces cellular repsonse or humoral response

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4
Q

Viruses

A

single/double strand of RNA/DNA (can’t repair) wrapped in proteins w/ attached sugars & maybe outer lipid bilayer; differ in reproduction modes & mutations

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5
Q

Influenza Viruses

A

single stranded RNA virus, A B and C strands (vaccine has 2 types of A and one B), can be distinguished by 2 surface glycoproteins (Hemagglutinin- HA and Neuraminidase-NA), receptor is sialic acid

antigenic shift- large scale changes
antigenic drift- small scale changes

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6
Q

SARS-CoV-2 Virus

A

Single stranded RNA virus, “Crown-like” viral surface, receptor is AC2

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7
Q

HLA (human leukocyte antigen) = MHC in humans

A

set of 9 genes (w/ different alleles) within MHC (major histocompatibility complex); allows for countless allele combos/haplotypes, 2 haplotypes per person (one on each chromosome 6)

plays an important role in organ transplantation

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8
Q

Antigen Processing

A

process where HLA glycoproteins (linked sugars that exend from cell surfaces) can recognize bacterial & viral proteins to mark them as targets for immune system

Class I- found on all cell types
Class II- found on antigen-presenting cells

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9
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells

A

cells that bind antigens with HLA glycoproteins
- macrophages
- B cells (or B lymphocytes)
- Dendritic cells (found where body contacts environment - skin & respiratory and digestive tracts)

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10
Q

How do Antigen-Presenting Cells work?

A
  1. Phagocytosis of microbial invader
  2. Antigens from dismantled invaded are attached to MHC self proteins
  3. MHC proteins and their attached antigens are displayed on macrophage surface
  4. Helper T cells recognize antigens, MHC proteins and binds to macrophage, itiating series of immune events
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11
Q

The Human Immune System

A

network of lymphatics (vessels) and lymph nodes (bean-shaped structures)

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12
Q

Lymph

A

fluid filling lymph ducts, carries macrophages and B and T lymphocytes

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13
Q

What organs are involved in production/maturation of immune cells

A

spleen & thymus, bone marrow

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14
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf bacteria & stimulate helper T cells to proliferate (mulitply) and activate B cells

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15
Q

Bone Marrow

A

T cells, B cells, and macrophages in the bone marrow & migrate in blood

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16
Q

T cells

A

mature thymus gland in small intestine and skin

cell mediated community (cytotoxic T cells attack cells directly)

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17
Q

B cells

A

released from lymphoid tissues (spleen and lymph nodes) and secrete antibodies

produce plasma and memory cells

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18
Q

Innate Immunity

A

immediate and generalized response attack within minutes

Toll-like receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells bind proteins to trigger innate immune response

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19
Q

Adaptvie Immunity

A

specific and slower attack (response time can take days), requires stimulation

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20
Q

Physical Barriers of Immunity

A

first line of defense (nonspecific defenses)
- unbroken skin
-mucus membranes & secretions
- waving cilia in respiratory tract
- flushing effect of tears, saliva, urination, diarrhea

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21
Q

Inflammation

A

central part of innate immune system, hostile environment for certain types of pathogens using phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens via phagocytosis

plasma accumulates to dilute toxins & bring in antimicrobial chemicals (increased blood flow)

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22
Q

Proteins in Innate Immunity

A

Complement system, collectins, cytokines

Mutations in the genes that encode these proteins lower resistance to infection

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23
Q

Complement System

A

plasma proteins that assist/complement several other defenses

puncture bacteria, dismantle viruses, activate mast cells to release histamine, attract phagocytes

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24
Collectins
recognize differences between bacteria, yeasts, and some viruses from human cells
25
Cytokines- Colony-stimulating factors
stimulate bone marrow cells to produce lymphocytes, play roles in both innate and adaptive immunity
26
Cytokines- Interferons
antiviral; block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells
27
Cytokines- Interleukins
control lymphocyte differentiation and growth, cause fever that accompanies bacterial infection
28
Cytokines- Tumor necrosis factor
stops tumor growth, releases growth factorws, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation, dismantles bacterial toxins and attacks cancer cells
29
Adaptive Immunity Characteristics
diversity, specificity, memory (responds faster w/ subsequent exposure) Primary Immune Response: reaction to first exposur4e Secondeary Immune Response: reaction to exposure using "memory" of firswt response
30
Humoral Immune Response- Adaptive Immunity
B cells produce antibodies in response to activation by T cells
31
Cellular Immune Response- Adaptive Immunity
T cells produce cytokines and activate other cells
32
Humoral Immune Response (antibody-mediated)
- antigen-presenting macrophage activates helper T cell - Helper T cell activates B cell w/ matching cell surface receptors - B cells divide to produce plasma cells and memory cells
33
Plasma Cells
secrete antibodies into blood that will recognize the antigen presented
34
Memory Cells
remain dormant until second exposure when they respond faster and more efficiently
35
Production of Antibodies
Antigens- Antigen-presenting cell (dendritic cell) - stimulates helper T cells- stimulates B cells OR Antigen to B cells Antigen to B cells - proliferation- proliferation- memory cell and plasma cells
36
Is the humoral immune response polyclonal or monoclonal?
polyclonal; different antibody proteins recognize and bind to different features of foreign cells
37
Antibody Structure
4 polypeptide chains (2 long&heavy and 2 shorter&light chains) Constant region of each chain is similar Variable region of each chain is diverse Antigen binding sites: where antigen binds Idiotypes: sites in direct contact w antigen Epitope: portion of the antigen contacting the antibody
38
What are the functions of antibodies?
inactivate pathogen/neutralize the toxin, clump pathogens to make it more visible for macrophages, activate complement system boosting innate immune response
39
Antibodies are also called
immunoglobins (Ig)
40
What is the most abundant antibody?
IgG- in blood plama and tissue fluid; passes to fluid
41
How does the body create antibody diversity?
V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining) recombination creates new versions of antibody proteins and recognizes different responses
42
Types of T Cells
Helper T cells (many functions), Cytoxic T cells(killer T cells), Regulatory T cells (dampen immune response)
43
Cytotoxic T Cells
Have CD8 antigens and mediate final killing of cancer cells
44
The Cell-Mediated Immune Response
MHC I -> CD8 _+T cells = helper T cells) MHC II -> CD4 (+ T cells = killer T cells)
45
What is the role of helper T cells in the humoral immune response?
recognize antigens presented by macrophages and stimulate B cells to produce antibodies (AIDS, low CDH cell count = high antibody or cell immune response)
46
What is the role of helper T cells in the cellular immune response?
secrete cytokines and activate cytotoxic T cells
47
Death of a Cancer Cell
1. cytotoxic T cell binds to cancer cell 2. Perforin breaks cancer cell apart 3. T cell has lysed cancer cell
48
Is MHC I an antigen presenting cell or all cell-presenting cell
all cells presenting cells
49
Is MHC II an antigen presenting cell or all cell-presenting cell
antigen-presenting
50
Function of Macrophage
presents antigens and performs phagocytosis
51
Function of dendritic cell
presents antigens
52
Function of mast cell
releases histamine in inflammation and allergy mediators
53
Function of B cells
matures into antibody-producing plasma cell or into memory cell
54
Function of T cell Helper
recognizes nonself antigens presented on dendritic cells, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, secretes cytokines, activates cytotoxic T cells
55
Function of T cell Cytotoxic
attack cancer cells and cells infected w viruses upon recognizing antigens
56
Function of regulatory cells
suppresses immune response
57
Function of neutrophil
attacks bacteria
58
How is SCID an inherited immune deficiency?
severe combined immune deficiences (SCID) impacts both humoral and cellular immunity due to lack of mature B cells and/or T cells
59
How does HIV affect the body?
infects macrophages and helper T cells by binding to CD4 and CCR5 coreceptors virus replicates then bursts out of helper T cells (killing it) low helper T cells = low B cells
60
How HIV infects
1. virus binds receptors on plasma membrane and enters. enzymes remove proteins around viral DNA 2. Reverse transcriptase forms complementary DNA to viral DNA 3. new DNA strand is template for complementary strand 4. double stranded DNA incorporated into host cell genome 5. viral genes transcribed into mRNA 6. mRNA translated to proteins 7. capsids surround new viral, RNA genomes 8. new viruses bud from host cell
61
What points of infection do drugs inhibit?
entry of virus into T cells, replication of viral genetic material, processing of viral proteins
62
Anti-HIV Drugs (cART): reverse transcriptase inhibitor
blocks copying of viral RNA into DNA
63
Anti-HIV Drugs (cART): protease inhibitor
blocks shortening of certain viral proteins
64
Anti-HIV Drugs (cART): fusion inhibitor
blocks ability of HIV to bind a cell
65
Anti-HIV Drugs (cART): entry inhibitor
blocks ability of HIV to enter a cell
66
What does the CCR5 gene do?
as genome storage, it encodes for a receptor protein on the cell membrane (coreceptor for HIV)
67
CCR5 gene
individuals homozygous for a 32-base deletion (mutation) of CCR5 are resistant to infection
68
What is an autoinflammatory disease?
overreaction of the innate immune response causing inflammation
69
What is an autoimmune disease?
overreaction of the adaptive immune response causing inflammation and production of autoantibodies that attack specific "self" cells and tissues
70
What is an allergy?
immune system to a substance (allergen) that does not actually present a threat
71
How does the body react to an allergy?
humoral & cellular immunity, IgE antibodies made and bind to mast cells, mast cells release allergy mediators (histamine and heparin) to cause symptoms allergens activate helper T cells to release cytokines
72
What are the stages of a cell after initial exposure with an allergen?
B cell is activated - antibody secreting plasma cell - antibodies attach to mast cell through IgE receptor
73
What are the stages of a cell after subsequent exposure to an allergen?
allergens combine w mast cell then mast cell releases allergy mediators (histamines & other chemicals cause allergic reaction)
74
Rh Incompatibility
occurs when an Rh- (no Rh antigen) mother has an Rh+ (has Rh antigen) child
75
First Rh incompatible pregnancy
fetal cells recognized as foreign, mother's immune system attacks fetal cells, produces mild reaction w/ few antibodies present Rh+ cells enter mother's bloodstream then she produces Rh+ antibodies
76
Second Rh incompatible pregnancy
foreign antigen stimulates woman's body to make antibodies- anti-RH+ antibodies bind antigen on RBC of fetus - destruction of fetal blood cells
77
Vaccines
based on memory, inactive, disabled part of pathogen that stimulates immune system to alert B cells to produce antibodies
78
What are monoclonal antibodies (MAb)
detecting and targeting one particular antigen, preserving specificity and amplifying antibody type, made directly from individual cells from people who have been immunized against infectious disease
79
Polyclonal antibodies
detect and target multiple antigens
80
Example of how cytokines boost cellular immunity
Interleukin-2: kidney cancer recurrence
81
Transplantation Type: autograft
from one person to self
82
Transplantation Type: isograft
from identical twin
83
Transplantation Type: allograft
members of the same species
84
Transplantation Type: xenograft
from another species
85
How is a successful transplant determined?
depends on HLA matching between donor and recipient (best chance for match is between related individuals)
86
Graft Rejection
immune system reacts to grafted tissue recognized as foreign by trying to destroy it (immunosuppressant drugs inhibit production of antibodies and T cells that attack transplanted tissue)

Genetics Exam 2 (9 decks)

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