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BIOL 1190 COPY M.L > Ch. 19 - Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 19 - Blood Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

55% blood plasma (suspended solutes and platelets)
45% RBC
- coat of WBC and platelets

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3
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

blood cell formation; in red bone marrow of spongy bone

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4
Q

What kind of cells are blood cells formed from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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5
Q

What are precursor cells?

A

differentiate into specific blood cells

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6
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors?

A

HGFs are hormones that regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood stem cells

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7
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

EPO is a hormone produced by kidneys; increases production RBC precursors

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8
Q

What is thrombopoietin?

A

TPO is a hormone from liver; stimulate platelet formation

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9
Q

What are functions of specific cytokines?

A
  • Proliferation of lymphocytes
    -inhibitors for interferons
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10
Q

How does an RBC’s form relate to its function?

A

biconcave disk allows increases surface area ratio; flexible shape for narrow passages

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11
Q

How does an RBC generate ATP?

A

anaerobically; doesn’t use O2 it transports

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12
Q

What does each hemoglobin molecule consist of?

A
  • globin (prot composed of 4 polyp chains)

- 1 heme pigment (containing Fe2+ that combines w O2) attached to each polyp chain

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13
Q

What does each Hb molecule transport?

A
  • can carry 4 O2 molec from lungs to tissue cells
  • 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs
  • nitric oxide which helps regulate BP/vasolidation
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14
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

percentage of blood occupied by RBCs

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15
Q

What is the difference between anemia and polycythemia?

A

A - not enough RBCs or Hb

P - too many RBCs (over 55%); can cause high blood viscosity

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16
Q

How are worn out cells removed?

A

by resident macrophages in spleen and liver; breakdown products are recycled

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17
Q

Why do RBCs have such a short life cycle? (~ 120 days)

A
  • no repair due to lack of organelles

- wear out from bending to fit through capillaries

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18
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

insufficient O2; main stimulus for erythropoiesis

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19
Q

What are some causes of tissue hypoxia?

A
  • high altitude
  • anemia (iron/prot deficiency)
  • RBC prod rate < RBC destruction rate
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20
Q

How do kidneys respond to hypoxia?

A

releases EPO (increases rbc precurser cells) which enhanes development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

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21
Q

What does a proerythroblast produce? What does it form into?

A

Hemoglobin
forms into reticulocyte when nucleus is ejected

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22
Q

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence/absence of what?

A

glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens on RBC surface

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23
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type A blood have?

A

A antigen; anti-B antibody

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24
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type B blood have?

A

B antigen; anti-A antibody

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25
What antigens and antibodies does type AB blood have?
A and B antigens; neither antibody
26
What antigens and antibodies does type O blood have?
neither antigen; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
27
Which blood type is considered universal donor? Universal recipient?
type O; type AB
28
What is agglutination?
clumping of blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody rxn
29
In terms of Rh antigens, what does normal plasma contain?
no anti-Rh antibodies
30
What does it mean to be Rh+?
have Rh antigen on RBC surface
31
What will happen is an Rh- person receives blood from Rh+ donor?
anti-Rh antibodies will be formed; dangerous upon 2nd exposure to antigen
32
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
small amount of fetal blood crosses placenta and enters maternal circulation; can cause baby to have anemia
33
What is RhoGAM?
anti-Rh antibodies; given to Rh- mothers
34
Describe the process of erythropoiesis
1. Begins in the red bone marrw 2. Erthropoietin (EPO) from kidney stimulate the growth of RBC precursor cells -hematopoietic stem cells 3. hematopoietic stem cells turn into reticulocyte 4. mature into erythrocytes
35
-Where are WBCs found?
circulating in blood, lymphatic fluid, body tissues (ski, lymph nodes, spleen, lungs)
36
What are the 5 types of WBCs?
monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil
37
How do WBCs reach site of tissue injury/disease?
1. leave blood via emigration | 2. use chemotaxis (chem attraction) to migrate to site
38
What are the 2 groups of WBCs and which types belong to each group?
Granular - neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil | Agranular - lymphocyte, monocyte
39
What are the 2 WBC groups based on?
absence or presence of granule staining
40
What are some properties of neutrophils and what do they respond to?
- most abundant type of WBC; recruited first in inflammation | - respond to bacteria
41
How do neutrophils respond to bacteria?
1. phagocytize 2. release lysozymes that destroy/digest bact 3. release defensin proteins 4. release strong oxidants
42
What are some properties of eosinophils and what do they respond to?
release histaminase (catalyzes breakdown of histamine); slows down inflammation caused by basophils; attacks parasites -high and low numbers during allergic reactions
43
What are some properties of basophils and what do they respond to?
release granules (containing histamine, heparin, serotonin) at infection cites and enhance inflammatory response; respond to allergic rxns
44
What are mast cells?
pro-inflammatory CT cells that release histamine, heparin, proteases
45
What are some properties of lymphocytes and what do they respond to?
move bt tissues, lymph, and blood; only WBC that returns to circulation after fighting infection; respond to viral infection
46
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells
47
What is the function of B cells?
destroy bacteria and toxins; turns into plasma cells that produce antibodies
48
What is the function of T cells?
destroy foreign pathogens - helper t cells activate other lymphocytes -cytotoxic t cells kill infected cells
49
What is the function of Natural killer cells?
attack microbes and some tumor cells; directly kill foreign invaders
50
What are some properties of monocytes and what do they respond to?
become macrophages; similar to neutrophils (phagocytize) take longer to arrive at infection site; respond to fungal/viral infections
51
What does thrombopoietin stimulate?
myeloid stem cells to produce platelets
52
How are dead platelets removed?
by resident macrophages in spleen and liver; life span of 5-9 days
53
How does a myeloid stem cell produce platelets?
MSC --> megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte that fragment --> each fragment is a platelet
54
What is hemostasis?
sequence of responses that stops bleeding during BV damage; prevents hemorrhage
55
What are the steps of hemostasis?
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood clotting
56
What occurs during a vascular spasm?
- BV damage stimulates reflex contraction (narrowing lumen) - reduces blood flow - only for small BV/arterioles
57
What occurs during platelet plug formation?
a. platelet adhesion b. platelet activation c. platelet aggregation
58
Describe platelet adhesion
platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres from underlying CT of damaged vessel
59
Describe platelet activation
- platelets become activated and grow extensions to attach to one another - platelets release substances that activate neighbouring platelets - cause vasoconstriction
60
Describe platelet aggregation
- activated platelets stick together to form a platelet plug - plug reinforced by fibrin threads formed later during clotting process
61
What occurs during coagulation? (blood clotting)
fibrinogen --> fibrin --> traps platelets/WBCs --> clot *stops vessel leak until CT forms a permanent patch
62
What are the necessary factors for clotting?
Ca2+, enzymes synthesized by hepatic cells, substances released by platelets/damaged T
63
How is fibrin created?
1. Prothombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin (active); Ca2+ necessary for activation 2. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
64
What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?
traps RBCs and platelets at damage site to form clot; reinforce platelet plug
65
If a clot forms too easily...
can lead to thrombosis (blocks blood flow)
66
If a clot does not form...
will result in hemorrhage
67
megakaryocytes
red bone marrow splinter into fragments to create platelets
68
Platelet-rich Plasma therapy
1. centrifuge 2. take the buffy layer and inject into the patient 3. promote tissue regeneration
69
haemophilia
inherited. clotting deffiency, excessive bleeding
70
leukemia
abnormal production of red blood cells or white blood cells. May be cancerous. This abnormal production interferes with the production of RBC, WBC, platelets

BIOL 1190 COPY M.L (18 decks)

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