ch 19: Natural Selection

Question 1

Scala Naturae

Answer 1

Aristotle – the scale of increasing complexity, not to be modified

Question 2

Old Testament

Answer 2

Perfect Species designed by God

Question 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 3

Grouped species by traits, Taxonomy, Binomial nomenclature

Question 4

George Cuvier

Answer 4

Catastrophism

Question 5

Charles Lyell

Answer 5

Uniformitarianism (old earth)

Question 6

paleontology

Answer 6

the study of fossils was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier

Question 7

Catastrophism

Answer 7

speculating that each boundary between strata/layers represents a catastrophe

Question 8

Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell

Answer 8

perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today

Question 9

uniformitarianism

Answer 9

the mechanisms of change are constant over time, Lyell’s principle, This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking

Question 10

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Answer 10

An early theory of Evolution based on two principles

Question 11

use and disuse

Answer 11

If used becomes stronger, if not used deteriorate

Question 12

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 12

assumes characteristics acquired during an organism’s life could be passed to the next generation

Question 13

Charles Darwin

Answer 13

HMS Beagle – 1831 – 1836 Naturalist, went on a voyage and collected stuff

Question 14

Nature selection

Answer 14

explains how adaptions arise, theory of evolution by this, Natural Selection is a process that allows individuals with favorable Hereditable Characteristics to survival and reproduction at a higher rate (better fit)

• required environment to have specific carrying capacity
• required heritable traits in animals

Question 15

Adaptations

Answer 15

characteristics that allow an animal to survive and

reproduce in a specific environment

Question 16

Darwin’s 3 broad observations

Answer 16

1. the unity of life
2. the diversity of life
3. the match between organisms and their environment

Question 17

The Origin of Species

Answer 17

Darwin never used the word evolution in this book

Question 18

descent with modification

Answer 18

the phrase that summarizes Darwin’s perception of the unity of life

Question 19

artificial selection

Answer 19

a process where darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

Question 20

Observation #1

Answer 20

Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

Question 21

Observation #2

Answer 21

All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

Question 22

Inference #1

Answer 22

Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

Question 23

Inference #2

Answer 23

This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

Question 24

Individuals that are better fit for the environment will replace fewer fit individuals.

Answer 24

If the environment changes a new set of adaptations may become favored, which can lead to differential reproductive success, which can give rise to new species.

Question 25

artificial selection

Answer 25

Humans select desired traits, not the environment

Question 26

Evidence For Evolution

Answer 26

- **Direct observation** - **The fossil record** - **Homology** - **Biogeography**

Question 27

Direct observation

Answer 27

- **Insect populations can rapidly become resistant to pesticides such as DDT** - **Evolution of drug-resistant viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.**

Question 28

The Fossil Record

Answer 28

Show evolutionary change occurred over time and the origin of major new groups

Question 29

Homology

Answer 29

characteristics in related species that are similar, but have different functions

Question 30

Homologous structures

Answer 30

anatomical signs of evolution (mammal forelimb- flying, swimming walking), show evidence of relatedness

Question 31

Embryonic Homologies

Answer 31

early-stage similarities not shown in adults (vertebrate embryos)

Question 32

Vestigial organs

Answer 32

structures of marginal if any importance(pelvis and leg bones in snakes)

Question 33

Molecular Homologies

Answer 33

DNA/RNA, similarities in protein-coding, hemoglobin molecules

Question 34

Convergent Evolution

Answer 34

distantly related species resemble one another. Lived in similar environments / adapted to similar challenges, Results in analogous similarities not homologous

Question 35

Analogous structures

Answer 35

are similar solution similar problem but do not indicate close relatedness

Question 36

Biogeography

Answer 36

- Geographic distribution of species - Species in a discrete geographic area tend to be more closely related - Continental drift – Pangaea

Question 37

Endemic species

Answer 37

Species found in only one region and nowhere else