CH 2

Question 1

sociobiology

Answer 1

application of evolutionary biology to understanding social behavior of animals including humans

Question 2

how does evolution occur

Answer 2

-natural selection
-animals that are best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on genes to the next generation

Question 3

how do humans choose mates

Answer 3

-physical attractiveness
-physique and complexion
-

Question 4

what are the obstacles to reproductive success

Answer 4

-infant vulnerability
-maternal death

Question 5

sexual selection (darwin)

Answer 5

selection that creates differences between male and female

Question 6

what are the 2 processes for sexual selection

Answer 6

1.) competition among members of one gender for mating access to members of the other gender
2.) preferential choice by members of 1 gender for certain members of the other gender

Question 7

what are some criticisms of sociobiology

Answer 7

-objection to see biological determinism
-outmoded version of evolutionary theory

Question 8

short term mating (women)

Answer 8

choose partner that gives immediate resources

Question 9

long term mating (women)

Answer 9

able and willing to provide for the indefinite future

Question 10

what are the psychological theories

Answer 10

1.) psychoanalytic
2.) learning
3.) social exchange
4.) cognitive

Question 11

what are the 2 major forces motivating human behavior

Answer 11

1.) libido
2.) thanatos (death instinct)

Question 12

what are the 3 major parts of the human personality

Answer 12

1.) id
2.) ego
3.) superego

Question 13

id

Answer 13

basic part of the personality present at birth
-reservoir of psychic energy, operates on pleasure principle
-irrational

Question 14

ego

Answer 14

-reality principle
-realistic, rational interactions with others

Question 15

superego

Answer 15

-conscience
-values and ideals of society
-idealism

Question 16

oral stage

Answer 16

-birth-1 yr
-sucking/stimulating lips and mouth

Question 17

anal stage

Answer 17

-interest on elimination
-2 years

Question 18

phallic stage

Answer 18

-3-6 years
-boys focused on phallus (penis)
-masturbation
-development of oedipus complex

Question 19

oedipus complex

Answer 19

boy desires mother sexually

Question 20

girl phallic stage

Answer 20

-penis envy
-electra complex

Question 21

electra complex

Answer 21

desire to be impregnated by father

Question 22

gender schema

Answer 22

cognitive structure comprimising set of attributes (behaviors, personality, appearance) that people associate with male and female

Question 23

intersectionality

Answer 23

consider multiple group memberships and identities (gender, race, social class, sexual orientation)

Question 24

heteronormativity

Answer 24

belief that heterosexuality is the only pattern of sexuality that is normal and natural

Question 25

symbolic interaction theory

Answer 25

human behavior and social order are products of symbolic communication with people

Question 26

what are the 3 basic assumptions to approach the study of sexuality

Answer 26

1.) every society regulates the sexuality of its members 2.) appropriateness/inappropriateness of a particular behavior depends upon the institutional context within which it occurs 3.) basic institution of society (religion, economy, family, medicine, law) affect rules governing sexuality in society

Question 27

what is the tradition of ascetism

Answer 27

abstinence from sexual pleasures

Question 28

relational ideology

Answer 28

sex outside of marriage in a loving relationship is good

Question 29

therapeutic ideology

Answer 29

individual and social problems require medical treatment

Question 30

what are the 2 components of medicalization

Answer 30

1.) certain behaviors and conditions are defined in terms of health and illness 2.) problematic experiences and practices are given medical treatment